| A | B |
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| What is organic | Organic molecules are those that have carbon atoms |
| Name the 5 components of an amino acidgeneralized amino acid | Carboxyl group, Amino group, central alpha carbon, Hydrogen and a R group |
| Name 4 classes of macromolecules. | Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Nucleic acids |
| What two components make up a fatty acid tail? | Carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain (C-H's). |
| What makes up a triglyceride? | 1 Glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid tails |
| What makes up a phospholid? | 1 Glycerol molecule, phosphate and 2 fatty acid tails |
| Name the properties of water. | Cohesion, Transparency, Surface Tension, High Heat of Vaporization, Evaporative Cooling, Ice Floats |
| Name four examples of carbohydrates. | Starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin |
| What 2 carbohydrates serve as energy sources and why? | Glucose and glycogen. They are made of alpha carbons which can be broken down and used in both plant and animals. |
| What are the 2 structural sources of carbohydrates. | cellulose found in plant cell walls and chitin found in walls of fungus cells and exoskeletons of some insects, arthropods and mollusks. |
| Water has a property that makes it an excellent solvent, why?. | Ionic substances are soluble (they dissolve) in water because the poles of the polar water molecules interact with the ionic substances and separate them into ions. Substances with polar covalent bonds are similarly soluble because of the interaction of their poles with those of water. Substances that dissolve in water are called hydrophilic ("water loving").Because they lack charged poles, nonpolar covalent substances do not dissolve in water and are called hydrophobic ("water fearing"). |
| Water has a property that makes it have a high heat of vaporization, Why? | Heat capacity is the degree to which a substance changes temperature in response to a gain or loss of heat. Water has a high heat capacity, changing temperature very slowly with changes in its heat content. Thus, the temperatures of large bodies of water are very stable in response to the temperature changes of the surrounding air. You must add a relatively large amount of energy to warm (and boil) water or remove a relatively large amount of energy to cool (and freeze) water. When sweat evaporates from your skin, a large amount of heat is taken with it and you are cooled. |
| Water has a property in which ice floats. Explain. | Unlike most substances that contract and become more dense when they freeze, water expands as it freezes, becomes less dense than its liquid form, and, as a result, floats in liquid water. Hydrogen bonds are typically weak, constantly breaking and reforming, allowing molecules to periodically approach one another. In the solid state of water, the weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules become rigid and form a crystal that keeps the molecules separated and less dense that its liquid form. If ice did not float, it would sink and remain frozen due to the insulating protection of the overlaying water. |
| Water has 2 properties that are cohesion and high surface tension. Explain | Cohesion, or the attraction between like substances, occurs in water because of the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. The strong cohesion between water molecules produces a high surfacetension, creating a water surface that is strong enough to allow many insects to walk upon without sinking. |
| If I place salt in water I will make a solution. What is the molecule, solvent, solute, and ion/ions. | Na is the cation, Cl is the anion, water is the molecule, salt is the solute, salt water is the solution, and water is the solvent. |
| In the milk lab what was an example of adhesion? | Water adheres to other molecules. Adhesion is the attraction of unlike substances. This was when the food coloring moved to the sides of the petri dish sticking to the sides of the dish. |
| Explain the properties of water in the transport of water from the roots of a plant to the tip of a leaf. | Gravity is force pushing down, cohesion occurs in the water molecules sticking to each other, adhesion is found on the walls of the vessel where the water attaches to the vessel, and surface tensions is strong and forms a skin of hydrogen bonds. Collectively these help to walk the water up the vessel to the tip of the leaf and into the air. |
| Compare and contrast Heat and temperature. | Contrast: Heat is the Total kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter and temperature is the Measure of heat intensity due to the average kinetic energy of molecules in a body of matter. Comparisons would be they both deal with kinetic energy in a body of matter. |
| What is exergonic? | A chemical reaction in which the products contain less energy than the reactants, so that free energy is released in the reaction. Energy is released. |
| Give an example of an exergonic reaction. | hydrolysis of a polymer. Starch being broken down into alpha glucose molecules |
| What is endergonic? | A chemical reaction in which the products contain more energy than the reactants, so that free energy must be put into the reaction from an outside source to allow it to proceed. Energy coming in. ADP + P becoming ATP. Building molecules. |
| Give an example of an endergonic reaction. | Condensation synthesis. Polymerization of a protein. Building a protein from many amino acids by peptide bonds. |
| To form a triglyceride through condensation you attach the carboxyl groups found on each of the 3 fatty acid tails to a glycerol molecule. Is this endergonic reaction anabolic or catabolic? | Anabolic |
| When making a protein, amino acids are combined by what type of bond? | peptide |
| When synthesizing a nucleic acid such as a DNA nucleotide what 3 components are necessary? | nitrogen base, phosphate and deoxyribose sugar |
| When synthesizing an RNA molecule what 3 components are necessary? | Nitrogen base, ribose sugar and a phosphate |
| Compare and contrast endothermic and exothermic? | Compare: they both deal with heat energy. Contrast: exo means heat is released and endo means heat comes into |
| Give an example of endothermic and exothermic? | Hot packs show exothermic because heat leaves the hot pack and goes into your hand. A cold pack shows endothermic because the heat is coming from your hand into the cold pack. |
| Why does sucrose have the molecular formula of C12H22O11. Hint: Sucrose is a disaccharide in which glucose and fructose is combined to form it. | When glucose and fructose come together through dehydration synthesis they drop out a water so it has 2 less hydrogens and one less oxygen |
| Name 3 types of lipids | steroids, phospholipids and triglycerides |
| What makes carbon a unique element? | Has 4 valence electrons, can form branched and unbranched chains, can form rings, it has a tetrahedron shape, can form 4 covalent bonds with other elements. |
| What does the hydrolysis of starch mean? | Adding a water molecule to an alpha glucose molecule by adding a hydroxyl group to one alpha glucose and a Hydrogen to the other. |
| Compare and contrast starch and cellulose? | Comparisons: they are both carbohydrates made of monosaccharides. They both are made of glucose molecules. Contrast: Starch is made of alpha glucose which has a hydroxyl group on the bottom and cellulose is made of a beta glucose in which the hydroxyl group can be found on the top. Starch is an energy source found in plants and Cellulose is used for structure and is found in plant cell walls. Starch can be broken down in the cells of plants and animals and cellulose can not due to the beta glucose. |
| Give an example of a polysaccharide. | Starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen |
| Given an example of a monosaccharide. | glucose, fructose, galacose |
| What is the primary structure of a protein? | polypeptide chain of amino acids that have a N-terminus and C-terminus |
| Compare and contrast condensation synthesis/dehydration synthesis with hydrolysis. | Compare: They both involve monomers and polymers. They are both examples of metabolic activity. They both involve water. Contrast: Hydrolysis is when water is added to the monomers to break or lyse them apart. Condensation or dehydration means to take a water molecule out to join two or more monomers together. |
| Explain the secondary structure of a protein? | This involves hydrogen bonding of carboxyl and amino groups. The alpha helix is due to the polypeptide forming a helix which is made from hydrogen bonding in a helical form between carboxyl and amino groups. The beta pleated sheets are formed by hydrogen bonding two polypeptide chains together creating a pleated sheet. Both can be found in the secondary structure. |
| Explain the tertiary structure of protein. | This is where the R groups which are different in every amino acid. They react and cause the protein to fold accordingly. The cysteines form disulfide bridges between the -SH or sulfhydryl groups causing it to fold. There are weak interactions going on such as van der Waals, and hydrophobic interactions between the R groups. Hydrogen bonding is occuring. |
| Explain the quarternary structure of protein. | This is when 2 or more polypeptide chains come together and fold. |
| What is an anion? | negatively charged ion |
| What is a cation? | positively charged ion |
| What is a nonpolar covalent bond? | This is when the electronegativity is the same or close to the same. This is called equal sharing. It is hydrophobic |
| What is polar covalent bond? | This is unequal sharing due to unequal electronegativity. This is hydrophillic. |
| What is hydrophilic? | Water loving |
| What is hydrophobic | Water fearing |
| Why is transparency in water an important property of water? | Because photosynthesis can occur. Sunlight is the driving energy force on earth. Plants are critical to our survival due to photosynthesis. |
| What is an ionic bond? | When electrons transfer from one atom to another. |
| What is energy? | The ability to do work |
| What is kinetic energy? | Energy of motion |
| What 4 elements make up 96% of the human body? | CHON -- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen |
| If a pH of an unknown solution is 5, how many times more acidic would it be than a pH of 8? | The pH of 5 is 1000 times more acidic than 8. |
| What are the characteristics of life? | C_HER_GRO Cells, Homeostasis, Energy, Reproduction, Growth and Development, Response to Environment, Order |
| What are the six major themes in Biology? | Christy Has Excellent Running Effort Information. Cell Structure and Function, Homeostasis, Energy, Reproduction, Evolution, Interdependence of Organisms |
| What is a control in a scientific experiment for? | To set a standard for comparison that is needed to draw a conclusion. |
| What are Life’s levels of organization | molecule®cell®tissue®organ ®organ system®organism®population®community®ecosystem |
| What is an independent variable? | A variable that is changed in the experiment. |
| What is the dependent variable? | The variable in which you measure the independent variable.The factor whose value changes because of a change in the independent variable. |
| What is a transmission electron microscope? | This is used to view internal features. The specimen is not alive to view. |
| What is a scanning electron microscope? | This scans the surface and does not view internally. The specimen is not alive to view. |
| What is a light microscope? | Scientist use this to view small organisms. |
| If an amoeba measures 100 micrometers, how many millimeters would that be?Hint: 1 millimeter = 1000 micrometers | .1 millimeters |
| Put in order of size from smallest to largest, the following: Eukaryotic cell, Virus, Bacteria | Virus, bacteria, eukaryotic cells |
| A lipid has what kind of bond that attaches the carboxyl group of the fatty acid tail to the glycerol through condensation synthesis? | ester linkage |
| Glucose molecules are synthesized by what type of bond or linkage? | glycosidic |
| Proteins are sythesized by condensation synthesis by what type of bonds? | peptide |
| In DNA the phosphate is attached to the sugar by what type of bond? | phosphodiester |
| The microscope has a part called the diaphram. What is the function? | This allows different amounts of light in. |
| What functional group produces an acid | Carboxyl |
| What functional group produces a base? | Amino |
| What functional group produces an alcohol? | Hydroxyl |
| What functional group is found in DNA and is negative? | Phosphate |
| What functional group produces the disulfide bridges in the tertiary structure of a protein? | Sulfhydryl |
| Name this functional group -OH. | Hydroxyl |
| Name this functional group -SH | Sulfhydryl |
| Name this functional group -COOH | Carboxyl |
| Name this functional group -C=O | Carbonyl |
| Name this functional group -NH2 | Amino |
| Name this functional group --PO4 | Phosphate |
| Name this functional group -CH3 | Methyl |
| If you have a fatty acid tail made of C-H's is this hydrophobic or hydrophillic? | Hydrophobic |
| If benedicts solution tests for glucose will a cracker made of starch show up positive or negative? | Negative. Glucose is a monomer of starch. They are different. |
| Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats. | Compare: they are both fatty acid tails.They are both hydrophobic. They are made of hydrocarbons. They are found in the class of lipids.Contrast: Saturated are fatty acid tails that are saturated with hydrogens and have no double bonds between the carbon chain. Unsaturated have double bonds between the carbon chains and this causes them to kink and not be so hydrogenated. |
| Is peanut butter a saturated or unsaturated fat? | It is really an unsaturated fat, however to make the solid consistency it is hydrogenated so that it is not liquid at room temperature. |
| Is Crisco oil unsaturated or saturated? | Unsaturated. It is liquid at room temperature |
