| A | B |
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| CELL REPRODUCTION | The process in which a cell grows and divides into two daughter cells that are exactly the same and contain the same number of chromosomes |
| CHROMOSOME | DNA wrapped around histones that carry sequences of specific nitrogen bases that make up genes |
| EUKARYOTIC CELL | a cell with a nucleus, a cell with a nuclear membrane, and organelles |
| HISTONES | Strongly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei which package and order the DNA into structural units |
| CHROMATID | One among the two identical copies of DNA making up a replicated chromosome (sister chromatids) |
| CENTROMERE | A specialized structure on the chromosome, appearing during cell division as the constricted central region where the two chromatids are held together and form an X shape |
| SEX CHROMOSOME | the one pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an organism (females are XX males are XY) |
| AUTOSOME | Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome (humans have 1 pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes-all 46 chromosomes are present in each cell) |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME | One of a pair of chromosomes that match up at meiosis and are similar to each other but not identical. (Ex. mother and father both have the chromosome for eye color but the mother has the blue eye gene and the father has the brown eye gene, the chromosomes are homologous) |
| DIPLOID CELL | A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes (2n) |
| HAPLOID CELL | A cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes (n) |
| BINARY FISSION | A method of asexual reproduction that involves the splitting of a parent cell into two approximately equal parts. Occurs mainly in bacteria |
| MITOSIS | The process in cell division by which the nucleus divides, typically consisting of four stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, that normally results in two new nuclei, each of which contains a complete copy of the parental chromosomes |
| CELL CYCLE | The cycle of growth and asexual reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase followed in actively dividing cells by prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase and ending with cytokinesis. |
| INTERPHASE | The period in the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions |
| CYTOKINESIS | The division of the cell cytoplasm that usually follows mitotic or meiotic division of the nucleus. Begins during anaphase of mitosis. |
| CLEAVAGE FURROW | The indentation, or pinching of the cell membrane, that begins the process of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis |
| CELL PLATE | (in plant cells) a plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells in mitosis. There is no cleavage furrow formation in plant cells. |
