| A | B |
|---|
| Naturalistic fallacy | “this behavior is natural (or evolved or typical); therefore, this behavior is moral.” Don’t commit this fallacy. What is usual, does not determine what is right |
| ethic of autonomy | values, customs, and behaviors that promote individual autonomy, such as freedom, equality, and individual people's welfare |
| ethics of community | values, customs and behaviors that promote protection of key groups (families, nations) such as loyalty, duty, respect, sacrifice, self-conrol |
| ethic of divinity | customs, values, behaviors that promote purity of body and mind, cleanliness. disgust and awe are the key emotions. reruited genrally fro much of moral judgment. less clearly linked to fiske's relational styles |
| common chimps | much higher levels of aggression, strong status competition within group. radically more violent behavior towards "stranger" chimps |
| bonobos | less violent means of conflict management, female coordination to a greater degree, greater diversity of sexual behavior, sexual behavior key component of conflict resolution |
| key social motivations of hunter gatherer culture | 1. avoid ostracism (follow the group, dont anger others, be valued) 2. avoid being taken advantage of (anger when others cheat by not pulling their weight or dont return favors) |
| rational choice models of human behavior | models developed in economics that assume human behavior is rational and self-interested/selfish (maximizing). is rationality and self interest in the narrow sense of these models) optimal? |
| dictator game | two participants, one given a pot of money and the right to distribute as she wishes. no communication, receiver gets whatever the giver decides, no repeated interaction. rational narrow self-interested response is to give zero |
| ultimatum game | two participants, one given a pot of money and the right to distribute as she wishes. no communication. receiver can veto the distribution in which case neither of them gets anything. rational, narrow self-interested behavior, is for givers to provide the smallest possible non-zero amount, and receivers to accept any non-zero amount. measures norms of sharing and fear of willingness to engage in costly punishment for unfairness |
| prisoners dilemma game | two players each of whom must make a choice of behavior. know the options faced by the other player, cant communicate with them, must make a choice in uncertainty. measures trust and assumptions about cooperation. |
| what do ppl typically do in ultimatum game | ppl routinely reject low offers; modal offer is 50/50 |
| what do ppl typically do in dictator game | even with no consequences a larger percentage give some money to other person |
| what do ppl typically do in prisoners dilemma | even with strangers in a single shot (one round) game, a majority of ppl make the cooperative choice |
| market pricing | ppl are motivated to ensure that interactions yield outcomes equivalent or greater than the inputs. "maximization" ex. pay per hr of work |
| alan fiske- 4 primary ways in which ppl relate to one another | market pricing, equality matching, communal sharing, authority ranking |
| equality matching | people are motivated to keep interactions balanced between interactants. "turn taking". ex. neighbors sharing tools |
| communal sharing | ppl are motivated to give to others. "generosity" ex. parents giving food to children |
| authority ranking | people are motivated to establish and follow leadership structures "status-hierarchies" ex. people getting higher pay for seniority |
| lickel et al development of groups studies | the longer a relationships last the more likely it is to rely on communal sharing. when imaging a group starting from scratch ppl have strong intuitions about the order in which the relationships should be structured. 1.MP2.EM/AR 3. CS. ppl place the most value on their communal sharing relationships |
| clark and mills pen study 1 friends vs. strangers | worked on joint task finding sequences of numbers in a big matrix. could either use same or different colored pen. much more likely to use the same color pen if friends. |
| clark and mills pen study 2 prospective CS relationship study | worked on joint task finding sequences of numbers in a big matrix. could either use same or different colored pen. Always a stranger who was a confederate. if pretending to be a stranger new to town, single who wants to meet new people pp chooses same color pen. if stranger is in town for short time and married pp uses different color |
| Schweder's big three moral ethics | ethic of autonomy, ethic of community, ethic of divinity |
| Haidts social intuitionist model of moral judment | people have strong moral reactions to many events. reasoning about why those events are wrong typically is very slow compared to the emotional response, prone to biases, and motivated to justify their emotions. people can become morally dumbfounded (sure that something is wrong but unable to explain why) |
| emotions are route to moral reactions. which ones are particularly importatn | important emotions of disgust anger and sympathy |
| zhong and gift study (disgust and moral judgments) | ppl made to contemplate (non-bodily) moral transgression more likely to take gifts of hand sanitizer |
| jones and fitness disgust sensitivity study | ppl higher in disgust sensitivity make harsher judgments of criminals, are more likely to convict |
| prefrontal cortex in humans | is highly developed, distinct by virtue of its connectivity (white matter) to the rest of the brain. last to develop and first to unravel. without well functioning of this region we are emotionally labile, unable to inhibit behavior. self regulation (willpower) is an important element in moral behavior (a key role of this brain area), interpreting our reactions and behavior is another important function of this region. |
| emotion system | more likely to be fast, automatic, unconsciously generated |
| cognition system | more likely to be slow(er) controlled, conscious |
| old view of morality | people use reason to make moral judgments, emotional reactions lead to bad judgments and sometimes immoral behavior |
| new view of morality | emtional reactions are the source of morality, conscious thought important for making sense reactions willpower planning, social coordination and learning (language and culture) |
| five key motives for moral judgment | 1. self protection and enhancement 2. ingroup protection and enhancement 3. honoring relational obligations 4. preservation of a belief in a just and ordered world 5. coherence of understanding: hindsight and confirmation bias. |
| self-protection and enhancement | protecting the self is a primary goal (that which is dangerous to us is likely to viewed as immoral/bad); we are motivated to view the self as good (self-esteem can have both positive and negative consequences); in general we have a strong egocentric bias (the better than average effect) |
| ingroup protection and enhancement | because human life is organized around groups, our self-centered bias extends to our groups. ingroup bias-the tendency to treat members of our ingroups better than members of outgroups |
| ingroup bias | tendency to treat members of our ingroups better than members of outgroups. members of ingroups form a moral community to whcih moral rules apply, humans tend to have a moral disregard to outsiders. we also tned to see ingroups as superior to outgroups. |
| leach et al ingroup bias study: | ingroup bias study on traits. ingroup bias particularly strong on morality, people strongly tend to see their ingroups as more moral and good than outgroups |
| relational obligations | humans are not narrowly selfish. particularly towards other individuals in an easily identified ingroup, most people have a strong sense of moral regard. Explicit or implicit relational obligations evoke and define "moral" treatment of others |
| preservation of a belief in a just and ordered world | humans are a sense-making species. we (perhaps alone among all species) have a full understanding of our mortality. we no only fear death (like other animals), but contemplate the meaning of our existence and non-existence |
| lerner: just world hypothesis | events in life are not random or arbitrary. "good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people" when stated explicitly we know this is false but it is a strong component of our gut reactions to others |
| moral reactions and moral story-telling: our moral reactions are guided by our ...and the.... | gut reactions, emotions that we feel in response to an event |
| some outcomes preservation of a belief in a just and ordered world | 1. blaming the victim 2. myth of pure evil 3. stereo types as explanations 4. system justificatoin |
| blaming the victim | strong tendency to find ways of justifying why victims deserve their fate |
| myth of pure evil | once someone has been identified as a perpertrator of immortaltiy, a tendency to create an image of them as purely bad) -baumesiter |
| stereotypes as explanations | social stereotypes justify the good or bad treatment/outcomes that groups receive |
| system justification | believing that social systems are fair and ignoring ( or explaining away) inequity. if someone works hard in American, there are no barriers to how far they can go. |
| hindsight bias | once we know the outcome, it seem obvious that this had to be the outcome |
| confirmation bias | the tendency to seek out, believe, and create evidence that confirms our gut reactions and initial beliefs |
| confirmation bias-snyder and swan extroversion study | pps told that their job was to judge the personality of a person in a nearby room. pps were given told either to determine if the person was an introvert or extrovert (thus they had a hypothesis to test). pps selected questions (from a set list) to ask the other pp. pp's chose questions that tended to confrim the hypothesis they were testing |
| confirmation bias-Ask et al. Investigation study | police investigators provided case studies of ppl suspected of crimes. presented with evidence that either confirmed or disconfirmed the suspect of being guilty. disconfirming evidence (i.e. indicating the suspect was not guilty) was judged as less reliable, generated more counter-arguments |
