| A | B |
|---|
| Progesterone is secreted by the | corpus luteum |
| Aldosterone increases sodium | resorption in the nephron |
| Endoplasmic reticulum: a net- | work site: synthesis of proteins |
| Lysosomes: membrane-bound | sacs of digestive enzymes |
| The nucleolus: nucleus region | where rRNA is synthesized |
| mRNA: coded directly from cell | DNA. It directs protein translation |
| Vestigial structures had an | essential ancestral function |
| Amino acids serve as the | building blocks of proteins |
| A triglyceride consists of | three fatty acids |
| Mutations in DNA are passed on to | proteins translated via the mRNA |
| Monosaccharides are | simple sugars |
| Lipids have roles in | energy metabolism |
| Enzymes act as | biological catalysts |
| Oogenesis: primary oocytes | undergo meiosis to produce 1 egg |
| Bile salts increase surface area | of the fat globules |
| The first organisms on Earth | were probably heterotrophs |
| Rate of enzyme reaction changed | by concentration, temp, pH |
| Glysolys: first pathway using | glucose to make ATP |
| stomata: pores in the | surface of the leaf |
| Stroma: dense fluid within | the chloroplast |
| acetylcholine: transmitter substance | from nerve cell axons at the synapse |
| ADH (vasopressin) hormone that | regulates water reabsorption |
| adipose: fatty tissue, fat-storing | tissue, or fat within cells |
| adrenal cortex: part of adrenal | gland that secretes hormones |
| adrenal medulla: the part of the | adrenal gland that secretes adrenalin |
| alimentary canal: organ involved | in the human digestive system |
| alveolus: | an air sac in the lungs |
| anaphase: migration of | chromatids to opposite ends of the cell |
| androgen: | male sex hormone |
| aorta: largest artery: carries | blood from the left ventricle |
| Arachnida: arthropods including | scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks |
| conversion of amino acids into proteins | assimilation |
| assortative mating occurs: when an | organism opts for a mating that resemble itself |
| atrium: thin-walled anterior | chamber of the heart |
| autosome: any chromosome | that is not a sex chromosome |
| auxin | a plant growth hormone |
| axon | a nerve fiber |
| bacillus | bacteria that are rod shaped |
| bile: an emulsing agent | secreted by the liver |
| biome: | a habitat zone |
| blastula: stage in which the embryo | consists of a hallow ball of cells |
| Bowman's capsule: part of the | nephron involved in excretion |
| Calvin cycle: reduces fixed carbon | to carbohydrates |
| carapace: chitinous shield | such as the shell of a crab |
| carbohydrates include: | sugars, starches and cellulose |
| cation: | an ion with a positive charge |
| centriole: granular body within | the centrosome to which spindle fibers attach |
| cephalic: | pertaining to the head |
| cerebellum: brain region controlling | equilibrium and muscular coordination |
| cerebral cortex: outer layer of | cerebral hemispheres in the forebrain |
| chemotropin: orientation of | cells in relation to chemical stimuli |
| chloroplast: a plastid | chlorophyll |
| chromatin: nuclear protein of | chromosomes that stains readily |
| chyme: partially | digested food in the stomach |
| circadian rhythms: | daily cycles of behavior |
| cochlea: sensory organ of the | inner ear of mammals |
| Coelenterata include jellyfish | corals, sea anemones & hydra |
| coenzyme: an organic cofactor | required for enzyme activity |
| colon: | the large intestine |
| contractile vacuole: controls osmotic | pressure, exists in protozoans |
| cornea: outer, transparent | layer of the eye |
| contractile vacuole: controls | osmotic pressure in protozoans |
| corpus luteum: mass of progesterone | secreting tissue |
| cortisone: a hormonal secretion | of the adrenal cortex |
| cretinism: caused by a thyroid | deficiency resulting in stunted growth |
| cytokinesis | the final stage of mitosis |
| chyme: partially | digested food in the stomach |
| chloroplast: a plastid | containing chlorophyl |
| cochlea: the sensory organ of | the inner ear of mammals |
| coenzyme: an organic cofactor | required for enzyme activity |
| cretinism is created by a | thyroid deficiency |
| Crustacea include | crabs and lobsters |
| cytochrome: hydrogen carrier | containing iron |
| cytokinesis: the final stage of | mitosis |
| cyton: the cell body of a | neuron |
| cytosine: nitrogen base | present in nucleotides |
| cytosine is paired with | guanine |
| dendrite: part of the neuron that | transmits impulses to the cell body |
| the opp. of the diastole function | is systole |
| diploid: cells having a double set | of chromosomes in homologous pairs |
| embolus: a blood clot formed | within a blood vessel |
| endocrine gland: a ductless gland | secreting hormones into the blood stream |
| enzyme | an organic catalyst and protein |
| the epiglottis closes the air | passage during swallowing |
| epiphyte: a plant that lives on | another plant commensalistically |
| estrogen: a female sex hormone | secreted by the follicle |
| the esophagus connects the | pharynx and the stomach |
| ethylene: a hormone that | ripens fruit and induces aging |
| eukaryote | multicellular organism |
| Eustachian tube: an air duct | from the middle ear to the throat |
| fallopian tube: mammalian oviduct | leading the ovaries to the uterus |
| femur: | the thigh bone of vertebrates |
| fibrin: protein threads that form | in the blood during clotting |
| fibrinogen: blood protein that is | transformed to fibrin upon clotting |
| frame shift mutation: involves | the addition or loss of nucleotides |
| gall bladder | an organ that stores bile |
| ganglion: grouping of neuron cell | bodies acting as a coordinators |
| gastrula: stage of embryonic cells | revealing differentiation |
| gene: portion of a DNA molecule | serving as a unit of heredity |
| germ layer: one of the primary | tissues of the embryo |
| gibberellin: a hormone that | stiumulates plant stem elongation |
| glomerulus: a network of capillaries | in the Bowman's capsules |
| glucose is converted to | glycogen in the liver |
| glycolysis: the anaerobic | respiration of carbohydrates |
| granum is the functional | unit of a chloroplast |
| hormone | a chemical messenger |
| humerus | a bone of the upper arm |
| hypothalamus: associated with the | pituitary gland |
| insulin: a hormone produced | by the Islets of Langerhans |
| Krebs cycle: process of aerobic | respiration, a.k.a. citric acid cycle |
| lactase: the enzyme that acts | upon lactose |
| lacteal: lymph tubule located in | the villus : absorbs fatty acids |
| lymphocyte: a kind of white | blood cell in vertebrates |
| lysosome:organelle containing enzymes | that aid in intracellular digestion |
| malleus: outermost bone of the | middle ear |
| malleus is commonly referred to | as the hammer |
| maltase: enzyme acting on maltose | converting it into glucose |
| medulla: inner layer of an organ | surrounded by the cortex |
| medulla oblongata: controls | breathing rate and other functions |
| meristem: undifferentiated | growing region of a plant |
| mesoderm: primary germ layer | developed from lip of blastopore |
| metaphase: chromosomes | line up at the equator of the cell |
| mitochondria: cytoplasmic organelles | serving as sites of respiration |
| morphology: the study of form | and structure |
| nephron: functionary urinary tubules | responsible for excretion |
| nitrogen cycle: recycling from | decaying organisms for future generations |
| olfactory: | related to the sense of smell |
| oogenesis: a process of | formation of the ova |
| parasympathetic: pertains to sub- | division of the autonomic nervous system |
| parthenogenesis: asexual process | which the egg develops without sperm |
| pelagic zone: marine biome | typical of the oceans |
| pepsin: stomach enzyme that | partially digests proteins |
| peptide: two amino acid units | are jointed end to end |
| peristalsis: waves of | contraction and relaxation |
| phagocyte: any cell capable of | ingesting another cell |
| pharynx: part of alimentary canal | between mouth and esophagus |
| phototropism: plant growth stimulated | by light |
| phylum: taxonomic classification | ranked above class |
| pineal body | secretes melatonin |
| planaria: class of | free-living flatworms |
| plasma: | liquid part of the blood |
| platelet: disc-shaped bodies | that play a part in coagulation |
| pleural cavity: cavity between | the lungs and the chest wall |
| polymer: a large molecule that is | made up of many molecular units |
| Porifera: the phylum | of sponges |
| pons: the part of the hindbrain | located in the brain stem |
| prokaryote: unicellular organism | with simple cell structure |
| Protista: unicellular organisms | that are neither plants or animals |
| ptyalin: enzyme of saliva that | turns starch into maltose |
| pulmonary: | related to the lung |
| pyloric valve: regulates flow of | food from the stomach to the small intestine |
| regeneration: ability to | re-grow missing body parts |
| respiration: action releasing energy | from glucose to form ATP |
| rhizome: an underground | stem |
| ribosome: an organelle in the | cytoplasm that contains RNA |
| rhodopsin: pigment in rod cells | that causes light sensitivity |
| saprophyte: an organism that gets | nutrients from dead organisms |
| sensory neurons pick up impulses | & transmit them to the spinal cord |
| sinus: | a space in the body |
| somatic cell: any cell that is | not a reproductive cell |
| sphincter: a ring shaped muscle | that is capable of closing |
| sporophyte: an organism that | produces spores |
| stoma: microscopic opening | in the epidermis of a leaf |
| substrate: a substance that is | upon by an enzyme |
| sucrase: an enzyme | that acts upon sucrose |
| systole: contraction of atria or | ventricles of the heart |
| taiga: habitat zone characterized | by coniferous forests |
| thalamus: a lateral region | of the forebrain |
| thrombin: participates in the | clotting of blood in vertebrates |
| thymus: ductless gland in the | upper chest concerned with immunity |
| thyroid: an endocrine gland | that produces thyroxin |
| trilobite: marine arthropod from | the Paleozoic era, now extinct |
| trypsin: pancreatic enzyme that | digests proteins in the small intestine |
| tundra: lies between polar region | and the taiga |
| turgor pressure is exerted | against the cell membrane |
| ungulate: | a hoofed animal |
| urea: excretory product of | protein metabolism |
| uretha: a duct through which | urine passes from the bladder |
| vacuole: space in the cytoplasm | of a cell that contains fluid |
| ventricle: chamber of the heart | that pump blood to the lungs etc. |
| zylem: vascular tissue of the plant | that aids in support and carries water |
