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AP Psychology Ch.09 Thinking & Language

Thinking & Language

AB
cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
prototypea mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories.
algorithma methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
fixationthe inability to see a problem from a new prespective, by employing a different mental set
mental seta tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
functional fixednesstendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
representativeness heuristicthe tendency to judge the likelihood of things in term of how well they match particular prototypes
availability heuristicestimating the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind
overconfidencerefers to the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
belief perseverancetendency for people to cling to a particular belief even after the information that led to the formation of the belief is discredited
intuitionan immediate, automatic, and effortless feeling or thought
framingrefers to the way an issue or question is posed and can affect people's perception of the issue or answer to the question
languagerefers to spoken, written, or signed words and how we combine them to communicate meaning
phonemesthe smallest units of sound in a language that are distinctive for speakers of the language
morphemessmallest units of language that carry meaning
grammarsystem of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
semanticsset of rules used to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
syntaxrules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
babbling stagebegins around 4 months, is characterized by the spontaneous utterance of speech sounds. During the babbling stage, children the world over sound alike
one-word stagebetween 1 and 2 years of age, children speak mostly in single words; linguistic development
two-word stagebeginning around age 2, children speak mostly in two-word sentences
telegraphic speecheconomical, telegram-like speech of children in the two-word stage. Utterances consist mostly of nouns and verbs; however, words occur in the correct order, showing that the child has learned some language's syntactic rules
aphasiaan impairment of language as a result of damage to any of several cortical areas, including Broca's area and Wernicke's area
Broca's arealocated in the left frontal lobe, is involved in controlling the motor ability to produce speech
Wernicke's arealocated in the left temporal lobe, is involved in language comprehension and expression
linguistic determinismBenjamin Whorf's hypthesis that language determines the way we think


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