| A | B |
|---|
| The amino acid sequence of a protein is encoded in the | DNA |
| Transcription involves the production of | a complementary RNA strand from a DNA template |
| Transcription occurs | in the nucleus |
| Translation involves linking a specific sequence of amino acids according to | the codons of the mRNA and the anticodons of the tRNA |
| Translation occurs | in the ribosomes |
| Proteins serve many functions, including | structural, catalyzing reactions, and cell-cell communication |
| mRNA molecules serve to | carry the DNA "message" out of the nucleus |
| tRNA molecules serve to | transport ain acids to mRNA in the ribosomes |
| Following transcription, RNA must be | edited, with various non-coding regions are removed |
| Transcription consists of three steps: | initiation, elongation, and termination |
| Following translation, proteins must be | modified before use |
| Mutations in the DNA can affect | the RNA transcribed and the proteins synthesized |
| In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine and | cytosine paris with guanine |
| In RNA, cytosine pairs with guanine and | adenine pairs with uracil |
| Frameshift mutations involve | the addition or deletion of a base, which "shifts" all of the codons |
| Silent mutations involve | base substitutions that have no effect on the final protein |
| Nonsense mutations involve | base changes that lead to premature termination of protein synthesis |
| Missense mutations involve | base changes that lead to changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein being synthesized |
| Chaperone proteins | stabilize proteins as they are being folded into their tertiary structures |
| Many proteins contain signal sequences that | identify the protein for transport to the appropriate site for its function |
| There are 4 types of RNA: | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and nRNA |
| Proteins are a type of biological catalyst, also known as | enzymes |
| Amino acids are the subunits of | proteins |
| Nucleotides are the subunits of | nucleic acids |
| DNA nucleotides consist of | deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base |
| RNA nucleotides consist of | ribose, phosphate, and a nitrogen base |
| DNA contains the bases | adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine |
| RNA contains the bases | adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil |
| There are 5 nitrogen bases: | adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil |
| DNA controls cell activity through the synthesis and use of | proteins |
