| A | B |
|---|
| What DNA stands for | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| Two types of nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| Description and location of gene | a unit of heredity/a segment of DNA, found in the nucleus |
| Monomer for a DNA polymer | DNA Nucleotide |
| Description of DNA Nucleotide | Phosphate, Nitrogen Base, Deoxyribose Sugar |
| Nitrogen Base-A | Adonine |
| Nitrogen Base-G | Guanine |
| Nitrogen Base-C | Cytosine |
| Nitrogen Base-T | Thymine |
| Traits of a Phosphate Group | Given a H+ ion acting as phosphate in middle |
| Traits of Deoxyribose Sugar | missing an oxygen atom |
| Single-Ring Nitrogenous Bases | Pyrimidines |
| Pyrimidine DNA Nitrogen Bases | Thymine and Cytosine |
| Double Ringed Nitrogenous Bases | Purines |
| Purine Nitrogen Bases | Adonine and Guanine |
| Structure of DNA | Double-Stranded Helix, Phosphates to Deoxyribose Sugar |
| Type of Bond Holding Nitrogen Pairs Together | Hydrogen(weak bond) |
| Pairs of Nitrogen Bases | Adonine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine |
| DNA Strand Ending with Phosphate Group | Five Prime(5') |
| DNA Strand Without the Phosphate Group | Three Prime(3') |
| Three Phases of Eukaryotic Cell | Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis |
| Mitosis | The asexual reproduction in cells |
| Cytokinesis | Cuts the cytoplasm so the cells break apart and form two |
| Function of Mitosis | To produce more DNA and cells, to replace damaged cells, to grow |
| Four Phases of Mitosis | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| Interphase | Longest phase, cell carries on normal activities, towards the end the DNA molecules replicate, chromosomes are invisible(chromatin) |
| 3 Sub-Phases in interphase | G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase |
| Prophase(Prep Stage) | Chromosome coils up and becomes visible, nuclear membrane breaks down, nucleolus disappears, centriole moves apart to opposite side of the cell, spindle forms, chromosomes attach to the spindle using microtubules extending from the centromere |
| Metaphase(meeting in the middle) | Duplicated chromosomes are pulled to the middle of the spindle by the microtubules |
| Anaphase(the big split) | Centromere splits, duplicated chromosomes are now single, spindle fibers pull single chromosomes apart |
| Telophase | Nuclear membrane reappears, nucleolus reappears, spindle disappears, chromosomes uncoil, cytokinesis begins |
| Animal Cytokinesis | Uses microfilaments to pinch in the cell at the equator and the cell divides |
| Plant Cytokinesis | Forms a cell plate in the middle, carbohydrate filled vesicles from the Golgi apparatus line up the equator and fuse together making the plate |
| Frederick Griffith | Scientist showed that DNA from dead bacteria could be absorbed by living bacteria. He called this process where living bacteria acquired genetic traits of the dead bacteria a transformation. He worked with mice and Pnuemonia causing bacteria |
| Avery, MacLeod, McCarty | Scientists used enzymes to prove that DNA caused the transformation in bacteria. Scientists used one enzyme to destroy the protein in a chromosome and another enzyme to destroy the DNA in a chromosome. He found that the transformation still happened when the protein was destroyed but did not happen when DNA was destroyed. This experiment supports the idea that DNA stored the genetic information |
| Hershey and Chase | Scientists put radioactive atoms into DNA and protein of different viruses. Radioactive DNA was found in reproducing bacteria. This experiment supports the idea that DNA not proteins carries the genetic material |
| Watson and Crick | Scientists studied an X-Ray diffraction picture of DNA and concluded that DNA had a double stranded spiraling helix shape. The nitrogen bases were located in the center. Adenine pairs with thymine using two hydrogen and guanine pairs with cytosine using 3 hydrogen bonds |
| What happens at the Replication Fork | DNA molecules break into two strands; DNA is unzipped |
| Direction the polymerase enzyme always travels | 3'-5' |
| Location of the new daughter strand | The inner, unconnected strands |
| Enzyme breaks the Hydrogen Bonds and unzips the DNA strands | Helicase Enzyme |
| Enzyme that binds to each unwound DNA strand at the replication fork | Polymerase Enzyme |
| Enzyme that joins adjacent nucleotides together on the daughter DNA strands | Ligase Enzyme |
| What the polymerase matches to the correct nitrogen base of the parent DNA strand | Free Nucleotides |
| G1 Phase | Cell Growth(2nd longest phase) |
| S Phase | DNA Replication(longest phase) |
| G2 Phase | Preparation for Mitosis |
| Longest phase of Mitosis | Prophase |
| What Cytokinesis comes after | Telophase |
| Animal Life Cycle | Meiosis, gametes(1N), fertilization, zygote(2N), mitosis, Adults(2N) |
| Plant Life Cycle(Alternation of Generations) | Meiosis, spores(1N), mitosis, gametophyte generation(1N), gametes(1N), fertilization(2N), mitosis, Sporophyte Generation(2N) |
| Stages of Meiosis I | Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I |
| Stages of Meiosis II | Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II |
| Meiosis Prophase I | Nuclear membrane dismantled, synaptonemal complexes form between homologues, crossing over occurs, spindles form, tetrad forms |
| Meiosis Metaphase I | Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, each chromosome pair attaches to only one set of centromeric fibers, homologues finally disengage completely at chiasmata, tetrads line up in the middle |
| Meiosis Anaphase I | Centromeres do not divide, sister chromatids stay joined, tetrad splits up |
| Meiosis Telophase I | Chromosomes uncoil(partially), nuclear-membranes form, cytokinesis occurs |
| Meiosis I | Reduction Division |
| Meiosis II | Normal Mitosis |
| Chromatin | Chromosomal material, combination of DNA and protein molecules |
| Chromatids | Two copies of chromosomes that contain identical genes |
| Centromere | Two chromatids joined together tightly at a region |
| Asexual Reproduction | Reproduction without sex cells, only 1 parent, offspring are identical to parent, no genetic diversity |
| Types of Asexual Reproduction | Binary fission(splits in half), budding(small growth off the side), regeneration(replaces missing parts), vegetative reproduction(a new plant grows from parts of the plant such as the roots, stems, or leaves |
| Sexual Reproduction | reproduces sex cells(egg and sperm), cells undergo meiosis, 2 parents, offspring are genetically different from either parent |
| Meiosis | The division of a single diploid nucleus into 4 haploid daughter nuclei; the basis of sexual reproduction(gametes) |
| Somatic Cell | A typical body with 46 chromosomes(diploid) |
| Karyotype | A micrograph of the chromosomes during metaphase(mitosis), and the chromosomes arranged in an orderly array; determines sex of baby |
| Homologous Chromosome | Duplicated chromosomes that resemble each others' size and shape(we have 3 pairs) |
| Male | XY |
| Female | XX |
| Diploid | Cells that contain 2 homologous sets of chromosomes; we are diploid organisms(nn) |
| Haploid | A cell with a single chromosome set(only one member of each homologous pair)(n)(monoploid) |
| Gametes | Egg and sperm cells |
| Fertilization | A haploid cell from the father reaches and fuses with a haploid egg cell from the mother. |
| Zygote | The resulting fertilized egg; diploid |
| Crossing Over | An exchange of genetic material(pieces of chromosomes) between homologous chromosomes |
| Tetrad | The orientation of the homologous pairs of chromosomes |
| Nondisjunction | a pair of homologous chromosomes fail to separate at anaphase(leads to extra or too few) |
| Polyploid | Containing more than two complete sets of homologous chromosomes in each somatic cell(nnn>) |
| Semiconservative replication | Each new DNA molecule has one strand from the original parent strand |
| Leading Strand | Long, continuous daughter strand of DNA |
| Lagging Strand | Forms several short daughter strands of DNA |
