| A | B |
|---|
| porosity | the % of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces |
| high porosity | well-sorted, coarse-grained sediment |
| high porosity | well-sorted, fine grained sediment |
| low porosity | poorly sorted sediment with grains of many sizes |
| permeability | the ability of a rock or sediment to let flueds pass through its open spaces, or pores |
| porous rock | has many empty spaces that can fill with water |
| permeable rock | has empty spaces that are connected to water flows from one space to the next |
| good aquifer | well sorted sand or fractured limeston |
| shale | impermeable, blocks movement of groundwater |
| shale | often a caprock of qauifers |
| acquifers replenished | at recharge zones |
| recharge zones | possible site of aquifer contamination, pollution |
| well | hole dug down to water level |
| spring | water rises to the ground level |
| artesian wells | flow without pumps because aquifer is tilted |
| hot springs | reach surface without being pumped |
| geysers | water reaches surface without being pumped |
| hot springs | heated by nagma, near the surface |
| geysers step 1 | water seeps into the chambers |
| geysers step 2 | water is heated into steam |
| geysers step 3 | water erupts, process starts over |
| Chemical weathering | dissolved rock minerals in water |
| geographical result of weather | caves or caverns |
| stalactites | hang from ceiling |
| stalagmites | rise from floor |
| column | stalactite and stalagmite joined in middle |
| sinkhole | caused by chemical weathering of water and limestone |
| subsidence sinkholes | sediment dissolves, is removed, other sediment washes in, restarts process |
| collapse sinkholes | dissolved rock leaves thin rock layer at surface, which collapses |
| natural bridge | cave collapses except for a few parts, forms bridge |
| limestone | dissolves easily in water, has carbon |
| longer water is in contact with warm rocks | the greater the amount of dissolved minerals in the water |
| hard water | elevated amounts of dissolved minerals |
| limestone + water | acetic water )carbonic acid, coke, carbon dioxide |
| Karst topography | irregular topography, with caverns, sinkholes, and underground drainage |
| karst topography | forms on limestone or other soluble rock |
| ground water | water beneath the land's surface |
| aquifer | a body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater |
| water table | the upper surface of underground water |
| artesian formation | a sloping layer of permeable rock sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock and exposed at the surface |
| cavern | a natural cavity that forms in rock as a result of minerals dissolving |
| cavern | a large cave that commonly contains many samller, connecting chambers |
| sinkhole | a circular depression that forms when rock dissolves |
