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| What are the advantages and disadvantages of nationalism ? | One of the advantages of nationalism is that it can be created in two ways. Push for it. Second advantage is it promotes democracy. It discourages impiralism meaning that they do not go after go colonies. They do not want to have colonies taken over by others if they are already established. It helps countrys resist becoming colonies. Ecourages economic development. It promotees diversity by protecting the culture from outside influences. Disadvantages to nationalism. It can isolate countries that feel strongly about their nationalism from wanting to at times help other countries. another disadvantage nationalism can exclude immigrants of other counties. We verses the they problem. nationalism can create fear aginst other cultures. nationalism can make a cultre feel like they are better than someone else. A finals disadvantage is cultural discrimination and opression. nationalism can create imperialism attaching countries to benefit from that countries resources. Potentional leaders do not always create unity amoung the pepole. |
| How does the relationship between state and nation affect international politics? | The relationship between state and nation are affected taking into account the domestic side of things. If the agreement of solubtions are not acceptable to both the state and nation then the agreement cannot go futher internationally. |
| What are some major core values of all states? how do states define the major core values? | the major core values of all states are security, human rights, economy, autonomy. how do they define them security often the goal of the state. States may define this in different ways, small states don't want invasion, powerful states want certain world. Autonomy of desicion making, economic security controle of resources. |
| how can basic goals of states be in conflict with each other? | the goals of a state are security territory atonomy decision making, econmic security. The goals can be in conflict with each other for security one many have to give up privacy to be secure. territory can be in conflict because one has to be wanting to share it but also not take other territories for himself. decision making can be in conflict because decisons are not always throught through well and it can be in conflict when it involves a group tryting to make decsions taht would be most rational. Economic security can be in conflict in its self. One has to sometimes depnd on other countries for the economic stability. Risk sercurity for security. |
| why are the size, level of economic development and nature of the political system of state seem as useful categories in explaining international behavior? How does the size help? waht demigraphic factors are importnat? | nature of the political system of a state seem as useful categories in explaning international behvior? How does size help waht demographic factors are iimportant? the size are affected usually more resources in larger country. could support and may have a large population. manuverability of an army . population. powerful countries are usually at laeest fifty million. Age pyramid best if most of the population are working age. large popultion allows a country to maintain an army and man factories. diverse economy health of the population level of education. both basic and level of skill seen as capital investment. how good is higher education human development. Economic development must have resopurces to be influential. can export resources. can bye from others countries. can use economic buying power to skillfully mainpulative. |
| what demigraphic factors are importnat? | the demograpjic factors that are importnat are population age distribution, education, health, and attitudes. Population is the number of people it can be an advage and a disadvantge. Age distribution old people take up resources and do not give back. Education. tow importnat parts quantity how many people are educated and the quality of education, such as college. Health workers have to be healthy to be productive. Attitudes unified national identtity helps to make a nation stronger when dealing with other nations. |
| In waht way do large, wealthy states act differently from small ones? | mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm |
| Have any systematic relationship been found between the type of political system of state and its international behavior? | one of the internional politcal system of behavior is democratic countries are more willing to help other countries. demrocacy can also interfere with other countries. |
| what are some explanations for the fact the democratic states have not fought each other since 1945? to what extent can this theory of Democratic Peace be apllied to new democracies? | Some reasons for why democratic states have not founght each other because they ahve several agreemnets economic trade agreements, since the form of governmets are similar they are less likely to fight each other. Both large groupd of people have to agree to go to war. Less likely to use war as a way to allivate a problem. They are more likely to find other peaceful ways of doing things. historically speaking they seldom go to war with each other. This can be applied to new democracies they can have similar ideologies. democratic countries look variable on new democratic countries. Democracies generally commit less violance to wards their citizens. its a sheild against genocide. |
| In what type of political system does public opinion play a role in forign policy? In what circumstances might it be an importnat factor? | In democracy public opinion plays a large role in influencing a forign policy. |
| How do elite differ fom mass opinion? | the elite are normally people in higher power, they are educate, they are more likely to have opinions that are more chhrent. Have an opion on one point that fits with another point. they are more knowledgeable about the outside world. their judgements are more sound and are more aware of what is going on in the world. They are less likely to hold conspiracies theories. the hopothesis are more resonable. they can support an official policy and have reasons for supporting it. they understand how important opinion is to the United States. They are more for free trade. they see a positive side to governmentalizaton. they tend to agree on lower prices for consummers. they are more for ristrictions on arms control and weapons. they are more for forign aid. they have more values and connections. |
| What are two level games? | this holds that to be sucessful Experts say that public opinion imposes and sometimes limilts action. to waht extent is is forign policy big in domestic policy? When our military goes some where and the budget is skyrocketing. Forign policy is not at the top of peoples concern when it concer when it comes to public opinion. |
| Explain the rally affect, the support given leaders in time of crisis. How can this support be used? | the tendency during a crsis of political and other leaders, legislators , and the public to give strong support to a cheif exsecutative and the policy that the leader has adopted in response to the crisis. A crisis is defined as when discion makers are surprised by an event, feel, threated, and believe that they have a short time to react. Leaders can take advantage of the crissis to get more support. Leaders can create unity amoung the people by directing hostility outside the country. |
| How can the various perspectives through which individual leaders interpret the outside world affect forign policy decisions? for example genertional perspectives, defining an individual or country as an "enmy" using analogies? | A leader and physical and mental health can be factor in decision makeing. ego and ambiton are also important because if a leader believes that he is larger than life he may do what ever he sees fit. If he hurts someones ego they will respond negaitviltlly. Politcal history and personal experiences are also importna. If a person has being told something they may believe that personal experience for example the younger bush felt that there was unfinsihed busisness with the war in Iraqu. perception and operational reality, meaning the process by which what is perceived, weather that perception is acurtate or not, assumes a level of reality in the mind of the beholder, and becomes the bases for making an operational decision. pg. 75-76 |
| how can the desire for cognitive consistency lead to problems? | One likes the different pieaces to fit each other People tend to tell their superior waht they want they want to hear and not necessarily importnat information. This makes people less attetive to pieaces of information that does not actually matchthe categories. The idea to discount informationthat does not match can be a problem. The information does not conform to waht you already conformed to believe. Another problems are anallagie.Decision makeers tend to ignor information theat contradict their existing views. |
| what could we learn from theories about cognitve complexcity? theories about personality? | the ability of the mid hold and reatin conflicting information. |
| explain the types of decision making seen in forign policy. | the different type of discion making in forign policy are incramental, which means small changes over a period of time, problems could be easily fixed by going back, which could be a negative and a positive problems. A decision might need a bigger change, or if change happens over to long period of time will not be entirley appropiate anymore. There is also government policy decsion making. This is where government officals sit and decide. The positive thing is that everyone who has interest most likley has a voice in it. The person with the most influence power makes the decsions or influences others. There is also the rational model most useful in crsis stiuations. General policy does not tend to have a time limit they like to form guidelines more interested in making the correct decsion. |
| How do crisis decisons differ from others? | a crisis decision is a surprising decisoin that has to be made quickly. When a crisis decision is made it usally involves a leader adn a small groupd of advisors. With none crusus decision there are usually many actors involved. pg. 79 |
| whawt is group think? | group think is how an individual's membership in an organization/ decision making group influecnes his or her thinking and actions. In particular there are tendencies within a group to think alike, to avoid disagreements, and to ignore ideas or information that threaten to disrupt consensus. Its a tendency to ignore ideas that disagree with the groups view. Group think can disregard information that could be value or different from his or her view. leading to poor decisions. Group think often reject those who think outside the box. |
| why is it easy to lose negative information? | mmmmmm |
| what is power? | power is acountries influence over other countries. Military capabilities. economic power, trading, power can be an accest, a goal. the totality of a country's international capabilities power is based on mutiple resources, which allow one country's interest to prevale in the international system. Power is especaially important in an enabling one state to acheive its goals when it glashes with the goals and wills of other international actors. |
| Why must power be studied in the context of a relationship? | power must be studed in the contest of a realtionship because every realtionship has some type of a difference in power. In undrstanding power it means to understand why countries use certain tactics to influence another country or swey another country to its side or to agree with it. |
| Why is it important to know if a government controls a country well enough to implement policy? | If a government is not ornganized effectivly then it cannot untilize its power fully. |
| How important is morale? | Low morale can lead to civil unrest and lcan lead to Coup d'état which means overthrow of the government, either by people or military force. Measuring the affectvemess of military personal soildrs are less willing to fight or fight effectively if they are not provide with adiquate pay, housing, or training. Peope need to knkow if they like their governemt. |
| explain the various ways one state may want to influence anohter and the way can influence anohter persusion, various sorts of barging force. | One way a state can influence another state or antion is it can intimidate through a threat military action. Another is economic sations, they van demistrate military power of new weapons. full scale attack. they can can incentives, money, technology, and genral aid. Theycan reduce tariffs. they can enage in deplomacy lader to leader deplomacy. They can influence a leaders decisions. they can negotiate and also not negotiate. a state can influence a country by making the other country feel like they are important. A country can be chorsive for the other country. A country can influence another country by making think that you have something that they want. a country can also influence anohter by signalling by action, such as the President visiting with the dalia lama. singally by communication assurening a country one can allivate fears and thus reactions. We may wnt the state to the actions, what resources they have, what actions we want them to change, what other actions that the states take. |
| in waht circumstances are different techniques used? Give examples | mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm |
| Explaian the distinction between hard and soft power. | hard power is negative and positive incentives. Hard power is easy to see very much of cause and effect. hard power is assets that can be used negativly as a threat or sanction, or posivitly as an inducement by one country to shape the behavior of another country. soft power is proswading others to follow your lead by being an atrractive example. Soft power one country doing the same thing and another country doing simply because they have the same interest. Soft power comes from respect moral authority, good realtions, with countries and will with them. Something one has but cnnot get if the country does not have it. Soft Power is traits of a country that atrract other countrys to emulate it or otherwise follow its lead throungh the power of example. |
| what conditions are necessary for negotiations to work? | The conditions that are important for negotiations to work are to be realalsitic, have realalistc goals that can be acomplished. Be care about what one says, seek common ground, be flexiciable, try to understand the other side, appreciate the other sides domestic contrants, be patient, and leave an aventue of retreat open, basically ultimatums are bad. |
| Waht preconditions of negotiations must be resolved first? | one of the precondistions that must be solved first is where the negotiation will take place. ADD |
| Waht ar some stragies for negotitions? | some stratagies are useing corercion or rewards. Being precise or intentionally vague, communicating by word or deed, actions speek lounder than words, or linking issues or treating them seperatly, maximizing or minimizing a dispute. Being vague allows one to be flexiable, do not have to have a firm position if one is vague, but being precisis avoid misunderstandings. Linking issues sometimes one has to ignore the actions of another country to deal with other issues being negotiated. Maximizing and Minimizing a debate issues are important for world peace or environment, or a country's survival. Minmizing a debate it helps to avoid overreactions. |
| What is coercive diplomacy? | The use of threats or force as a deplomatic tractic. the stickmeaning the threat of violance, economic sations, demistrations of military power and threates of neagtive actions. |
| what is Coalition diplomacy? | Countries coming together to negotiate isseus with another country. deplomacy with groups of nations. start with the idea of being friends |
| When is an agreement likely to last? | an an agreement is lilkely to last if a country follows through and beilves that the other country will do the same, and there has to be a nutial respect. |
| Why are economic techniques used frequently in an attempt to influence others? | economic techniques are used frequently adn widly because because they are a to threaten a country if they do not change their behavior. embragos are normatlly used in order to show disappointment without using actual military force. they are also used because economically we ahve been able to put restriction on travel especially visa's aginst governmental people and their families. also americanm banks have been forbiden to deal with banks abroad. If these techniquies are used they can take a while to fix giving the country time to change. And have been very affective in dealing with a country that depends on others or us. |
| In what conditions are economic techniques are th likely to work in? | The conditions economic techniquies are lilkely to work would be in times of crisis, when a country may want to form an allience, during negotiaions, and during big deplomatic meets in another country. |
| What problems are associated with economic techniques with their use? | Santions cause hardship to the country's that are being santioned. The success rate of santions are estimated between five and thirty three percent. Santions have unentended victims besides the one in the states. If a country puts a sancton on another country like oil another country that depends on the oil may be hurt. Santions can be used to keep less developed countries from further devloping themselves. pg 260 |
| How can military force be used in barging? | Military force can givve one a strong position when bargaing. giving arms to certain groups. Military aid, selling military equipment, offering traning and support to other countires, this also provides a powerful back round to negotiaons. Military abrging often is ued for economic reasons. |
| How must the threat of force be manged? | mmmmmmmmmmm |
| what are essential parts of the defintion of terrorism? | Terrorism is first violence two carrried out by individuals or groups of people, non governmental organizations, or covert government agents or units that three specifically targrets civilians four uses clandestine attack methods, such as car bombs and hijacking airliners and five attempts to influence politics. the objective of terrorism is not jsut kiling or wounding people it si really tragreting the emotions of those whow see or read about the act of violence and become afraid or dispirted. the essential parts of terrorism are knowing the source of it. There are different parts of terrorism. there is state terrorism, which is terrorism carried out by established governmets or condestine operatives or by others who have been specially encouraged and funded by the country. there is also transnational terrorism these are groups operate internationally. |
| Why is it differcult to reach an agreement on who is or is not a terroriest? | One reason it si hard to reach a defintion of who or is not a terrorist is becasue there is not widly acceptable defitiontion of ierrorism. It has affect ways to establish treaties and other international efforts to cobat it. It means different things to different pepole. drafting treaties are really differcult. The agreement on the treties have been differcult because of the disagrement on the defintion of it. Find a common ground on several issues involving terrorism is differcult. there is also differenct types of terrorism domestic terrorism which includes attacks on local nationls within their countries against a purly domestic targret for domestic reasons and internationl terrorism which includes an attack on forign targrets eiother within their own country or abroad. |
| what stratagies have been proposed to combat terrorism? | deplomacy, create cooperation between countries to fight terroism, military intelligence, meaning identifying the terrorist, law inforcement, meaning detaining supected terrorists, finacial fronts, freezing the accounts of the terrorists so they cannot use their money, direct military action, |
| Distinguish defense and deterence. | Deterence is perswading an enmy that attaching you will not be worht the cost.Defense is preventing a theating action from happening. |
| What consitions are necessary for deternece? | the conditions importnat for deternce are capability to retaliate popwerfully. a second is credability the oppoent must believe that you can and will use weapons if attacked. |
| Why is deterence so important in discussing nuclear strategy? | Mutual assured destruction sufficiant number os weapons, that are cabable of survive a first strike, and able to deliver a second strike attack, that will destroy the oppoent. Deterence is important in discussing nuclear strategies because a country has to be sure that they can win against a retaliatory attack. |
| Why do some see it as deternce as less useful today? | It seen as less sueful today because it only works agianst a rational opponent. If there is a country with an irrational leader deternce no loonger works, the person will attack if they feel like, so rationally there are other ways to work things out. |
| What is a "rogue" State? | are states that are that have irationsl decisions of behavior. example of rogue states, North Kora, Iran pg. 335 |
| what does nuclear stategy since WW II? | the development of strategy has improved since WWII because we threated the USSR that we would attack them if they attacked our allies. Theating to use nuclear weaponses was bevieable but is not in some of the cases. We started to use more deterents in assuming that the oppoent is making rational decsiions. We have come up with stragies for none rational enimies. We have rebuilt convental weapon stores so that we could respond to problems. |
| How can we threaten eddective relaliation? | mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm |
| explain first and second hand strike cabailities? | first hand strike cababilities where a country has the cabability to strike first in a conflict in order to destroy the other side cababily to strike back or even have the ability to retaiate. A second strike is the ability to strike back after the intional strike. If the one side had the second strike cabability then the other side does not this cabability. Both sides can have both the first and second strike cabbaility. There could be an advantage of going first in an unstable sitution. |
| what is necessary for second strike capability? | what is necessary for a second strike cabability is the ability to desperse weapons around. Put weapons underground. Have them in other countries but that could be dangerous at times. Making weapons moble by useing submerians. the geographic locatioin is also important. the advantage of technology is also important. |
| What does stability mean? | mmmmmmmmmm |
| Stable deterence | mmmmmmmmmmmmm |
| How is a stable situation achieved? | mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm |
| what problems stem from a lack of fit? | Lack of fit is where state and nations. People feel unhappy with their sitution. Another problem with the lack of fit is there is always a chance for a threat and a reality for a split. This is usally true when a party feels threated. Another problem is if the state or nation are not geographically united then that can create tention. when a nation can have a claim on another antion, which can create tetions. when a solution can not stify people. when a political leader would usenationalism for hispolotcal goals. |
| How do the mass differ from the elite opinion? | mass opinion can not sometimes distinguish between situations. they are not infavor of free trade. big buisness stup on the little guys. helping forign products to override the US products likely to cause job lose. women are not as smart as men. Their opinions are not always logical. |
