| A | B |
|---|
| Begging the question | assuming something to be true without proving it |
| Ignoring the question | shifting argument to new ground or shifting to emotionalism |
| Equivocation | using same terms with different meanings |
| non sequitur | "it does not follow"; the conclusion does not logically follow from the preceding argument |
| faulty dilemma | major premise presents a choice that does not exhaust the possibilities |
| post hoc ergo propter hoc | "after this, because of this"; attempts to prove that first event caused a second event simply because the second followed the first |
| ad hominem | turning from the issue to the character involved |
| ad misericordiam | an appeal for sympathy |
| composition | arguing that a group must have the same qualities as its members. |
| division | arguing that an individual must have the characteristics of the group |
| dicto simpliciter | an argument based on an unqualified generalization |
| contradictory premises | the main premises contradict each other. |
| overgeneralizing/hasty generalization | too few instances are presented to reach an accurate conclusion |
| premise and common ground | the terms of the premise must be accepted as true |
| false analogy | wrongful comparisons of dissimilar situations |
| ad vericundiam | an appeal to authority |
| ad populum | appeal to the crowd |
| self-evident truths | proceeding from an unwarranted assumption to a foregone conclusion |
| guilt or innocent by association | assuming that someone involved in an activity or group believes in everything associated with that group |
| either/or fallacy | requires absolutes which do not allow for intermediate cases. |
