| A | B |
|---|
| Skeletal System | contains bones and specialized tissues that connect them |
| Specialized tissues of skeletal system | Cartilage & Ligaments |
| Functions of the Skeletal System | Support & Protection & Storage & Blood cell production |
| Bone | made up of Osseous Connective tissue |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| Bone Shapes | Long & Flat & Short& Irregular |
| Long Bone Structure | diaphysis & epiphysis |
| epiphysis | Head of long bone |
| diaphysis | Shaft of long bone |
| periosteum | connective tissue on the outside of diaphysis |
| endosteum | internal tissue of the bone |
| Marrow | cavity within some bones where blood stem cells are located |
| Articular Cartilage | type of cartuilage found on the epiphyseal regions of long bones |
| Osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| Osteoblasts | bone matrix-forming cells |
| Osteoclasts | bone remodeling cells |
| Compact bone | contains haversian canals and is found in the diahphysis of the bone |
| Spongy bone | is found in the epiphysis of the bone |
| Endochondral Ossification | the process whereby bone tissue replaces cartilage tissue during embryonic development |
| Osteoporosis | results when osteoclasts are more actiove than osteoblasts creating brittle bones |
| Divisions of Skeletal System | Axial skeleton & Appendicular skeleton |
| Axial Skeleton function | Support and protection of organs and organ systems |
| Axial Skeleton | Skull & Vertebrae &Thoracic Cage & Skull |
| skull | Protects brain and contains 22 bones |
| Cranial bones | held together by sutures & include Parietal & Temporal & Frontal & |
| Vertebral Column | Cervical & Thoracic & Lumbar & Sacral & Coccyx |
| Vertebrae | Spinous process & Transverse process & Vertebral foramen & Body |
| Thoracic Cage | Clavicle & Ribs Sternum |
| STERNUM | manubrium & body & xiphoid process |
| Ribs | articulate with transverse process of vertebra posteriorly and sternum interiorly |
| True Ribs | seven that are connected directly to sternum by costal cartilage |
| 5 False ribs | five that are connected to cartilage of rib 7 |
| 2 floating ribs | two that do not connect to sternum |
| Pectoral Girdle | Clavicle & Scapula & Humerus |
| clavicle | collar bone and is easiest bone to break |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| Pelvic Girdle | Coxa & Ilium & Ishium & Femur |
| pelvis | Coxa & Ilium & pubis& Ishium |
| Upper Limb | Humerus & Radius & Ulna & Carpals & Metacarpals & Phalanges |
| carlaps | wrist bones |
| metacarpals | hand bones |
| phalanges | finger and toe bones |
| pollex | thumb |
| Lower Limb | Femur & Tibia & Fibula & Patella & Tarsals & Metatarsals & Phalanges |
| femur | largest bone in the body |
| Fibula | second easiest bone to break |
| Tibia | shin bone |
| Patella | knee cap |
| Tarsals | ankle bones |
| Metatarsals | foot bones |
| hallux | big toe |
| Joints | region where two bones meet |
| sutures | immovable fibrous joints found in the cranium |
| Ball and Socket joint | shoulder or hip. |
| Condyloid joint | metacarpals & phalanges or between metatarsals &phalanges |
| Saddle joint | the only saddle joint in the body is in the thumb. |
| Pivot joint | pronation and supination of the forearm |
| Hinge joint | elbow or knee |
| Gliding joint | the carpals in the wrist or the tarsals in the ankle. |
| Synovial Joints | have capsules created by connective tissue surrounding the articulating surfaces containing lubricating synovial fluid |
| Fibrocartilaginous joint | a type of joint in which the apposed bony surfaces are firmly united by a plate of fibrocartilage and is found in vertebral column and the pubis symphysis |
| Meniscal cartilage | a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that only partly divides a joint cavity and is present in the knee. |
| Bursa | is a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid and are found around most major joints of the body to provide a cushion between bones and tendons and/ or muscles around a joint. |
| Abduction | movement away from body |
| Adduction | movement toward body |
| Flexion | movement that decreases angle between two bones |
| Extension | movement that increases angle between two bones |
| Gliding | movement in which Flat or slightly flat surfaces move against each other allowing sliding or twisting without any circular movement |
| Circumduction | circular movements |
| Rotation | Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone |
| Pronation | internal rotation of thumb the big toe toward the midline |
| supination | external rotation of thumb the big toe away from the midline |
| Inversion | supination of the foot |
| Eversion | pronation of the foot |
| Dorsiflexion | flexion of the muscles on the front of the lower leg so toes point toward head |
| plantar flexion | flexion of the calf muscles so that toes move towards back |
| Muscle properties | excitability & contractibility & elasticity |
| Function of Muscular System | Produce movement & Maintain posture & Maintain body temperature |
| Ligaments | connect bone to bone |
| Tendons | connect muscle to bone |
| Sarcomeres | functional unit of muscle fiber |
| Axial Muscles | Position head & move spinal column & move rib cage |
| Appendicular Muscles | Stabilize and move appendicular skeleton |
| Deltoids | major shoulder muscle |
| Biceps | flexion at elbow joint |
| Triceps | extension at elbow joint |
| Trapezius | moves head and neck |
| Latissimus dorsi | chin ups |
| Gluteus Maximus | used in squat exercise |
| Pectoralis | flight muscle in birds |
| Rectus abdominus | strengthen by doing sit ups |
| Hamstring group | strengthen by doing leg curls |
| Quadriceps group | strengthen by doing leg extensions |
