| A | B |
|---|
| Normal Serum K+ | 3.5-5 mEq/L |
| Hypokalemia labs | 3.0 mEq/L K+ |
| Hyperkalemia labs | 5.8 mEq/l K+ |
| Normal Serum Na+ | 135-145 mEq/L |
| Hyponatremia labs | 133 mEq/L Na+ |
| Hypernatremia labs | 148 mEq/L Na+ |
| Total Normal Serum Ca++ | 8.5-10.5 mg/dL |
| Normal Ionized serum level Ca++ | 4.0-5.0 mg/dL |
| Hypocalcemia labs | 8.0 mg/dL total Ca++ |
| Hypercalcemia labs | 11.2 mg/dL ionized Ca++ |
| Normal Serum CL- | 95-108 mEq/L |
| Hypochloremia labs | 93 mEq/L Cl- |
| Hyperchloremia labs | 112 mEq/L Cl- |
| Normal Serum Mg++ | 1.5-2.5 mEq/L |
| Hypomagnesemia labs | 1.3 mEq/L Mg++ |
| Hypermagnesemia labs | 2.8 mEq/L Mg++ |
| Hyponatremia Manifestations | Lethargy, muscle twitch, headache |
| Hypernatremia Manifestations | Thirst, dry sticky mucous membranes, red tongue |
| Hypokalemia Manifestations | Cardiac dysrhythmias, anorexia, decreased bowel sound |
| Hyperkalemia Manifestations | Cardiac dysrhythmias, diarrhea |
| Hypocalcemia Manifestations | Numbness, Chvostek's sign, Trousseau's Sign |
| Positive Chvostek Sign | Hyponatremia causing contraction of facial muscle by tapping in front of ear |
| Positive Trousseau Sign | Hyponatremia causing carpal spasm when BP cuff inflated |
| Hypercalcemia Manifestations | Depressed deep tendon reflexes, bone pain |
| Hypomagnesemia Manifestations | Increased reflexes, convulsions |
| Hypermagnesemia Manifestations | Flushing, bradycardia, Respiratory depression |
| Hyponatremia Nursing Intervention | Encourage foods like bacon, ham, canned soup |
| Hypernatremia Nursing Interventions | Encourage fluid intake, limit chips, ham, processed foods |
| Hypokalemia nursing interventions | Monitor ECG, encourage foods like bananas, avacadoes |
| Hyperkalemia Nursing interventions | Monitor ECG, kaexcelate, and glucose and insulin infusions |
| Hypocalcemia Nursing interventions | monitor, protect confused client, teach to eat dairy foods |
| Hypercalcemia Nursing Interventions | Increase weight bearing exercise, encourage cranberry juice |
| Hypomagnesemia Nursing Interventions | Assess ability to swallow, seizure precautions |
| Hypermagnesemia Nursing Interventions | Notify provider if reflexes are absent |
| Hyponatremia Causes | water intoxication, excessive perspiration, SIADH |
| Hypernatremia Causes | Elderly, infants, low fluid intake, diabetes |
| Hypokalemia Causes | Diuretic therapy, crash dieting, steroid use |
| Hyperkalemia Causes | Renal failure, crush injury, acidosis |
| Hypomagnesemia Causes | Malnutrition, alcoholism, toxemia |
| Hypermagnesemia Causes | Addison's disease, severe dehydration |
| Hypocalcemia Causes | Protein malnutrition, inadequate intake, and Vit. D deficiency |
| Hypercalcemia Causes | Bone tumors, hyperparathyroidism |
