| A | B |
|---|
| One Gene -One Polypeptide Hypothesis | The premise that one gene is a segmentof DNAthat codes for one polypeptide. |
| Transcription | Is the synthesis of RNA under DNA |
| mRNA Messenger | Carries out genetic message from the DNA to the protien synthesizing machinery. |
| Translation | The actual synthesis of a polypeptide, occurs under direction of mRNA |
| RNA processing | yields the finished mRNA |
| Primary TRanscript | General term for an initial rna transcript |
| Triplet Code | the genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in a DNA serries of three nucleotide words. |
| Template Strand | provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in RNA transcript. |
| Codons | mrna base triplets. |
| Reading Frame | our ability to read the intended message . |
| RNA polymerase | pries the two dna strandsapart and hooks together the RNA nucleotidesas they are base-pair along the DNA template. |
| Promoter | Where the rna Polymerase attaches and transcription begins |
| Terminator | The end of Transcription |
| Transcription unit | The stretch of DNa that is turned into RNA |
| Transcription Factors | mediate the binding of rna polymerase and initiate transcription |
| Transcription initiation Complex | Completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound the the promoter |
| TATA box | dna sequence |
| 5' cap | helps protect the mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes, also serves as an attach here sign for ribosome. |
| Poly(A)Tail | An enzyme at the end of 3' consisting of 50 to 250 nucleotides |
| RNA Splicing | cut and paste job, removing parts of the ribosome. |
| Introns | A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene |
| Exons | A coding region in a eukaryotic gene, are seperted from eachother by introns. |
| Spliceosome | a complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and connecting two adjacent exons |
| Ribozymes | An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during rna splicing |
| Alternative RNA Splicing | Regulation at the RNA processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which RNA segments are introns or exons. |
| Transfer RNA tRNA | RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protien language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA |
| Anticodon | A specialized base triplet at the end of tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on a mRNA molecule. |
| Wobble | a violation in base pairing. |
| Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase | an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA |
| Ribosomal RNA rRNA | Most abundant type of RNA, and with protien form the structure of ribosomes. |
| P site | 1 of 3 binding sites for tRNA during translation, it holds the trna carrying the growing polypeptide chain |
| A site | 1 of 3 binding sites for tRNA during translation, it holds the trna carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. |
| E site | 1 of 3 binding sites for tRNA during translation, its where discharged tRNA leave ribosome, e stands for exit. |
| Initiation | brings together the mRNA and tRNA bearing the first amino acid of the polypeptideand the two subunits of ribosome. |
| Elongation | amino acids are added one by one to the preceding amino acid |
| Termination | Final stage of translation |
| Polyribosomes | an aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA |
| Signal Peptide | targets the protein to the ER |
| Signal-recognition Particle | Functions as an adapter that brings the ribosome to a receptor protein built into the ER membrane. |
| Point Mutation | Chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene. |
| Base-Pair Substitution | the replacemnt of one nucleotide and its partner in the complimentary DNA strand with another pair of nucleotides. |
| Missense Mutation | Altered codon still codes for an amino acid and thus makes sense. |
| Insertion | addition of nucleotide pair in a gene |
| Deletion | loss of nucleotide pair in a gene |
| Frameshift Mutation | Mutation that occurs when insertion or deletion isnt in a multiple of 3 |
| Mutagens | physical and chemical agents that interact with DNA to cause mutations |
