| A | B |
|---|
| cell division | the reproduction of cells |
| cell cycle | the life of a cell from its origin until it's division |
| genome | all of the genetic information in a cell |
| chromosomes | the packages of DNA molecules |
| somatic cells | body cells, that are not reproductive cells |
| gametes | reproductive cells (sperm, and egg cells) |
| chromatin | the DNA-protein complex that maintains the structure of the chromosome and help control the activity of the genes |
| sister chromatids | two chromatids containing identical copies of the chromosome's DNA molecule |
| centromere | a narrow "waist" region on the chromosome |
| mitosis | the division of the nucleus |
| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm |
| meiosis | a variation of cell division that produces gametes |
| M phase | a part of the cell cycle that contains both mitosis and cytokinesis |
| interphase | cell grows and copies chromosomes in preparation for cell division |
| G1 phase | cell grows during this part of interphase |
| S phase | chromosomes are duplicated during this phase |
| G2 phase | continues to grow and complete preparations for cell division |
| prophase | nucleoli disappear and chromatin fibers condense into chromosomes |
| prometaphase | nuclear envelope fragments |
| metaphase | centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell and chromosomes line up in the center of the cell |
| anaphase | paired centromeres of each chromosome separate |
| telophase | daughter nuclei form at the two poles of the cell |
| asters ("stars") | shape that the microtubules extend from the centrosomes during g2 phase |
| kinetochore | a specialized structure of a chromosome located at the centromere region |
| metaphase plate | an imaginary plane that is equidistant between the spindle's two poles during metaphase |
| mitotic spindle | structure that consists of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins |
| centrosome | a non-membranous organelle that functions throughout the cell clycle to organize the cell's microtubules |
| cleavage | a process by which cytokinesis occurs |
| cleavage furrow | a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate, it is deepened as the parent cell is pinched in two |
| cell plate | only in plant cells, and is a wall erected between the two daughter cells |
| binary fission | The way that prokaryotes reproduce, means literally " division in half" |
| origin of replication | the copies of the first replicated region |
| cell cycle control system | a cyclically operating set of molecules in teh cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle |
| checkpoint | a critical control point in the cell cycle where sop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle |
| G0 phase | if a cell does not receive a go-ahead signal at the g1 phase it exits the cell cycle and enters this phase |
| cyclin | a protein that gets its name from its cyclically fluctuation concentration in the cell |
| cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) | kinases that drive the cell cycle are always there in a growing cell but must be activated by their cyclin partner |
| MPF | the fluctuating activity of the cyclin-Cdk complex that was discovered first |
| growth factor | a protein released by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide. |
| density dependent inhibition | a phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing |
| anchorage dependence | to divide the cell must be attached to a substratum, such as the insid of a culture jar or the extracellular matrix of a tissue |
| transformation | the process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell |
| tumor | a mass of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue |
| benign tumor | abnormal cells remain at the original site |
| malignant tumor | abnormal cells that become invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs |
| metastasis | The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site |
