| A | B |
|---|
| Capsid | The protein shell that encloses the viral genome |
| Viral Envelopes | Membranes cloaking their capsids. |
| Bacteriophage | Virus that infects bacteria |
| Host Range | A limited range of host cells that each virus can infect and parasitize |
| Lytic Cycle | A phage reproductive cycle that culminates in death of the host cell |
| Virulent Phage | A phage that reproduces only by a lytic cycle |
| Lysogenic Cycle | Replicates the phage genome without destroying the host |
| Temperate Phage | Phage that is capable of using both modes of reproducing within a bacterium |
| Prophage | Phage genome inserted into a specific part of the bacterial chromosome |
| Retrovirus | The RNA virus with the most complicates reproductive cycles. |
| Reverse Transcriptase | An enzyme which transcribes DNA from an RNA template |
| Provirus | The integrated viral DNA which remains a permanent resident of the host cell's genome |
| HIV (Human Imunodeficiency Virus) | A retrovirus that causes AIDS |
| AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) | Caused by HIV |
| Vaccines | Harmless variants of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune systemto mount defenses against the actual pathogen |
| Horizontal Transmission | Infection of a plant from an external source of the virus |
| Vertical Transmission | Viral infection of a plant through inheritance |
| Viroids | Tiny molecules of naked circular RNA that infects plants |
| Prions | Infectious proteins |
| Nucleoid | The dense region of DNA is not bounded by membrane like the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
| Transformation | The alteration of a bacterial cell's genotype by the uptake of foreign DNA from the surrounding DNA |
| Transduction | Transfer process in which phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another |
| Generalized Transduction | A phage transfers bacterial genes at random |
| Specialized Transduction | Transfer of only certain genes, those near the prophage site on the bacterial chromosome |
| Conjugation | Direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined |
| F Factor | Confers the ability to form sex pili and donate DNA during conjugation |
| Plasmid | A small, circular, self-replicating DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome |
| Episome | A genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome |
| F Plasmid | The F factor in its plasmid form. |
| R Plasmid | Plasmids that carry genes conferring resistance |
| Transposon | A piece of DNA that can move from one location to another in a cell's genome |
| Insertion Sequences | The simplest bacterial transpoons. |
| Composite Transposon | Transposon that is longer and more complex than insertion sequences |
| Operator | The "on and off switch" |
| Operon | Includes the operator, promoter, and the genes they control |
| Repressor | Can switch of an operon |
| Regulatory Gene | Repressor is the product of this gene |
| Corepressor | A small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off |
| Inducer | Inactivates the repressor |
| Cyclic AMP (cAMP) | Regulator of some bacterial operons including that of E.coli |
| cAMP Receptor Protein (CRP) | Activator of transcription |
