| A | B |
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| The National Institutes of Health Definition of Health Disparities | “the differences in incidence prevalence, mortality, and burden of disease and other adverse health conditions that exit among specific populations in the united states.” |
| culture | specific set of values, beliefs and customs shared by member of a community |
| race | an arbitrary social construct that is applied to ppl based on visual appearance |
| ethnicity | refers to ppl with a common country of origin as a shared ancestry or a common historical past |
| • American Indian or Alaskan native | o Having origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central and South America and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment |
| • Asian | o A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the far east, southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent o (Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) |
| • Black or African American | o A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa |
| • Hispanic or Latino | o A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or Other Spanish Culture or Origin, Regardless of Race |
| • Native Hawaiian or other pacific islander | o A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands |
| • White | o A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the middle east or north Africa |
| • Mortality | the number of deaths in a population |
| • Disability | any physical, mental or functional impairment that limits a major activity |
| • Morbidity | (the presence of illness and/or relative frequency of disease) and health status |
| • racism | a belief that race is the primary determinate of human traits/capacities, and that racial differences produce a inherent |
| • prejudice (bias) | a preconceived idea that is usually unfavorable but is not necessarily acted on with power and authority |
| • discrimination | differential actions towards others based on race |
| socioeconoimc status (definition and factors influencing it) | i. A. definition: the relative position attained by an individual in a cultural and financial hierarchy; ii. B. Factors: income, education, occupation, and wealth; |
| cultural variables | 1. Customs-A generally accepted practice; 2. Beliefs-acceptance that something is true; 3. social forms- how a group is organized; 4. Material traits- relative priorities on things of value how you spend your money |
| acculturation | 1. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact 2. The original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct 3. The interaction is two-way; 4. Often continuous; 5. Has (+) and (-) effects; |
| The paradox of acculturation | a. a. as acculturation time increase immigrant health risks begin to resemble their ethnic groups living in about community environments b. ppl coming in tend to make the most change c. b. Mexican immigrants have lower rates of lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory disease. d. C. but over time their rates change to be like the society they come into e. D. positive effects i. 1. (individuals coming in) less smoking ii. 2. Less substance abuse iii. 3. More screenings f. e. negative effects: i. 1. Poorer immunization status 2. Lower levels of P.A. |
| three forms of racism | institutionalized, personally mediated, internalized |
| institutionalized racism | a. discriminatory policies b. restricted access to power c. inaction in the face of need |
| personally mediated racism | a. often defined as prejudice and discrimination b. intentionated or unintentional c. commission and omission d. leader of respect e. suspicion f. devaluation |
| internalized racism | a. acceptance by members of the stigmatized group about the negative messages regarding their abilities and intrinsic work b. not believing in themselves c. not believing in others like themselves |
| boston reach program | a. black older adults (2006) 1. Focused on diabetes and heart disease; 2. Reached over 2000 black older adults through 49 workshops, presentations and events; 3. 86% said they had learned something new 4. 90% said they had changed their behavior 5. Significant decrease in number of surgeries |
| Successful health care disparities interventions should include a combination of | i. A. focusing on and addressing high-risk populations; ii. B. Developing culturally and linguistically appropriate prevention strategies; iii. C. increasing access; iv. D. Documenting outcomes; v. E. prioritizing dissemination efforts (spreading the info); |
| cross-cultural education | i. A. knowledge about: 1. 1. Factual disparities in incidence and occurrence of Disease; 2. 2. How effected by: a. a. cultural beliefs; b. b. cultural practices; c. c. cultural attitudes regarding health ii. B. skills: 1. 1. Demonstrating respect and validating other cultures; 2. 2. Understand cultural context: a. a. patient needs b. b. patient expectations c. c. culturally appropriate resources iii. C. attitudes: 1. 1. Becoming comfortable with differences; 2. 2. The impact stereotyping has on recognition, diagnosis and treatment; 3. 3. Eliminating a “Blame the Victim” mentality |
