| A | B |
|---|
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | A mode of ATP synthesis that is named this because it is powered by redox reactions that transfer electrons from food to oxygen. |
| Substrate-Level Phosphrylation | This mode of ATP synthesis occurs when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP. |
| Facultative Anaerobes | Organisms such as yeast and many types of bacteria who can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration. |
| Chemiosmosis | A term that highlights the connection between the chemical reaction that makes ATP and transport across a membrane. |
| Redox Reactions | Oxidation-reduction reactions are called this for short. |
| Anaerobic | No oxygen is present. |
| Fermentation | A partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen. |
| Acetyl CoA | The short version of acetyl coenzyme A, which is what pyruvate is first converted into during the Kerbs cycle. |
| Oxidizing Agent | The electron acceptor |
| Aerobic | Oxygen is present |
| Krebs Cycle | A cycle that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and essentially breaks down a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide. |
| NAD+ | Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide |
| Electron Transport Chain | Used in respiration to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several steps instead of one huge reaction. |
| Reducing Agent | Electron donor. |
| Reduction | The addition of electrons to another substance during a redox reaction. |
| Cytochromes | Electron carrier proteins between ubiquinone and oxygen during electron transport. |
| Glycolysis | A process that occurs in the cytosol as it begins the degradation by breaking glucose down into two molecules of pyruvate. |
| Oxidation | The loss of electrons from one substance in a redox reaction. |
| Beta Oxidation | A metabolic sequence that breaks down the fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments, which then enter the Kerbs cycle as acetyl CoA. |
| Protein-Motive Force | Emphasizes the capacity of the gradient to perform work. |
| ATP Synthase | The enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | A process in which pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as a waste product, with no release of CO2. Used in the dairy industry to make cheese and yogurt. |
| Cellular Respiration | The most efficient catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as the reactant along with organic fuel. |
| Alcohol Fermentation | A process in which pyruvate is converted to ethanol. |
