| A | B |
|---|
| dual | dummy table used to view results from functions and calculations |
| Format | the arrangment of data for storage or display |
| INITCAP | converts alpha character values to uppercase for the first letter of each word, all other letters in lowercase |
| character functions | functions that accept character data as input and can returm both character and numeric values |
| TRIM | removes all specified characters from either the beginning or the ending of a string |
| expression | a symbol that represents a quantity or a relationship between quantities |
| single row functions | functions that operate on single rows only and return one result per row |
| UPPER | converts alpha characters to upper case |
| Input | raw data entered into the computer |
| CONCAT | concatenates the first character value to the second character values; equivalent to concatenation operator (||) |
| output | data that is processed into information |
| LOWER | converts alpha character values to lowercase |
| LPAD | pads the left side of a character resulting in a right justified value |
| SUBSTR | returns specific characters from character value starting at a specific character position and going specified character positions long |
| REPLACE | replaces a sequence of characters in a string with another set of characters |
| INSTR | returns the numeric position of a named string |
| LENGTH | returns the number of characters in the expression |
| RPAD | pads the right hand side of a character resulting in a left justified value |
| Substitution Variable | A symbol preceding a column name in a WHERE clause prompting the user for a value before the query executes. |
