| A | B |
|---|
| rhinitis spread by | inhalation and direct contact |
| rhinitis treatment | rest, lots fluid, saline gargles and nasal spray |
| sinusitis treatment | saline irrigation vasoconstrictors |
| sinusitis dx | nasal smear |
| repeated swallowing is a sign of | possible hemorrhage |
| pharyngitis is | throat infection - strep most common |
| persistent hoarsness is a sign | laryngeal cancer |
| nasal obstruction do nots | bend over, blow nose, heavy lifting, asa, boose smoke |
| fracture of nose, check for | clear liquid drainage - halo test - ceberal fluid |
| laryngeal trauma usually caused by | mva - serious life threatening - |
| laryngeal trauma treat | maintain airway, heimlic maneuver, intubatin, tracheostomy |
| laryngeal cancer s/s | hoarsness, pain when talking, bad breath, burning of throat w/hot or citrus drinks |
| esophageal speech is | burping speech |
| trachoeosophageal puncture (TEP) is | cover stoma w/finger to talk |
| tracheotomy | surgical opening in trachea - tube inserted |
| common trach | cuffed trach - inflated w/air to fit snug |
| suctioning trach | sterile, pre ox pt 1-2 minutes, 10 secs slowly w/draw and roatate - allow pt to rest |
| nursing tasks for trach pt | lung sounds, change position 2 HRS, ORAL Care |
| nasal fracture causes | swelling bleeding obstruction |
| sinus surgery post-op - don'ts | no heavy objects, valsalva, smoke, poor ventilation |
| sinus surgery can damage | optic nerve |
| ARD - acute respiratory distress | condition that occurs following other clinical conditions |
| When ARD occurs - examples | aspiration drowning transfusion smoke inhalation shock trauma |
| ARD can lead to ____ and ____ | R failure and death |
| ARDS onset and s/s | 8-48 hrs - R shallowed, cyanosis anxiety restlesness confusion drowsy |
| ARDS Dx | evidence of ARF, x-ray, no sign HF |
| ARDs treatment | maintain airway, mechanical vent, adequate nutrition |
| asthma causes | increased airway obstruct, bronchospasm, broncho constriction, inflamm edema |
| asthma s/s | sob cough thick sputum WHEEZE |
| asthma during attack | increased work to breath, suffocation, classic sitting position |
| atelectasis | collapse of alveoli |
| COPD at great risk for | atelectasis |
| chronic bronchitis complications | chronic cough, hypersecretions of mucus and infection |
| chronic bronchitis forms | plugs - which causes infection and tissue death |
| chronic bronchitis can cause | R sided heart failure |
| why R sided HF w/bronchitis | heart not getting blood, so heart beats faster 2 get ox |
| why chest tubes | to remove air/fluid and to re-expand lungs |
| chest tube may cease is | lung re-expand, tube gets clogged (milk), wall suction malfunction, kink |
| chest tube should have ___ ___ bubbles | small intermittent |
| if excessive bubbles, check for | leaks |
| if transporting pt w/chest tube, keep | below check level |
| fractured ribs they breath | opposite of normal, |
| R system does what | provides ox for cell needs, removes CO2 |
| turbinate bones aka - does what | conchae - change flow of inspired air to moisture and warm |
| pharynx | throat - carries air from nose to larynx and food from mouth to esoph |
| tonsils and adenoids are made of | lymph tissue |
| larynx | voice box, facilitates cough |
| epiglottis | cartilage flap - covers larynx when swallowing |
| glottis | opening between vocal cords |
| lower airway | trachea, bronchi, bronchiloles, lungs, alveoli |
| controls ventilation | medulla oblongate and pons |
| chemoreceptors in medulla resond to | changes in CO2 and pH in cerebrospinal fluid and change rate/depth |
| diffusion | higher concentration to lower concentration |
| increased CO2 is present in body fluids as | carbonic acid |
| lower CO2 causes the pH to | increase |
| oxygen transported 2 ways in body | small amt dissolved in plasma - combine w/RBC |
| R acidosis - drop pH | kidneys retain more HCO3 to increase pH |
| R alkoalosis - high pH | kidneys excrete more HCO3 to lower pH |
| metabolic acidosis - | lungs blow off CO2 to raise Ph |
| metabolic alkalosis - | lungs retain CO2 to lower pH |
| asipiration is more common | R lung |
| compliance | ability to expand |
| CO2 is what | carbon dioxide - metabolic waste |
| most CO2 combines w/water n cells and exits as | bicarbonate ios, which plasma takes 2 kidneys |
| HCO3 is | bicarbonate |
| small portion that stays in the blood is | carbonic acid |
| R distress - BIG RED FLAG | LOC |
| clients w/R disorders can neither | get ox n blood or get CO2 out of blood |
| PFT - pulmonary function studies | measures ability of lungs |
| bronchoscopy | visual of larynx, trachea, bronchi |
| bronchoscopy use to | treat, biospy, sputum, remove stuff, |
| HCO3 - levels in blood | 22-26 |
| pH - levels | 7.35-7.45 |
| PaO2 - ox in arterial blood - levels | 80-100 |
| PaCO2 - CO2 in blood - levels | 35-45 |
| dyspnea - characterized by | breathing efforts obvious, change in rate, general restlessness |
| orthopnea | inability to breathe except in sitting position |
| coughing is usually stimulated when | obstruction occurs in R tract |
| expectorate does what | brings up mucous from lungs |
| hemoptysis | expectoration of blood-streaked sputum |
| R problems complain of chest pain - causes are | inflammation, space-occupying lesions, increased muscle activity to work to breath |
| air hunger is | respiratory rate and depth markedly increased |
| hypoxia is | reduced ox of tissue |
| side rails up is a must for | people in R distress |
| s/s lack of oxygen | h/a, vertigo (dizzy) drowsy |
| other symptoms of lack of ox | tachycardia, increased BP, tires easily, distention of neck veins |
| anixety ALWAYS accompanies | breathing difficulities |
