| A | B |
|---|
| arteriosclerosis | loss of elasticity or hard arteries - age |
| atherosclerosis | lumen of arteris fill w/fatty deposits |
| composed of cholesteral called | plaque |
| atheroscleroisis - non modifiable factors | age, gender, ethnicity, genetics |
| atherosclerosis - modifiable factors | smoking, obesity, lyperlipemia, booze, sedentary |
| hyperlipidemia | high levels of blood fat |
| atherosclerosis also linked to ___ and ___ | infection and inflammation |
| coronary thrombosis | blood flows thru vessels become trapped, mass |
| coronary occlusion | closing of artery, reduces blood - leads to MI |
| obesity w/ ___ shape body is higher risk | apple shape |
| CAD - s/s | fatigue, angina, indigestion, burning, squeezin |
| 4 types of angina | stable, unstable, variant, microvascular |
| stable angina | 75% occlusion, high HR or BP, eathing large meal |
| unstable angina | 90% occlusion, chest pain increased freq poorly relieved rest |
| variant angina | arterial spasm in normal or diseased CA |
| microvascular angina | contriction of myocardial capillaries too small for test to detect |
| arcus senilis | opaque ring in eyes |
| xanthelasma | yellowish plaque around eyes |
| CAD - diagnostic tests | lipid profile, CT, EKG, Cardiac Cath |
| LDL | bad - sticks to arteries |
| HDL | good - carried to liver for removal |
| Total cholesteral level less than | 200 |
| triglycerides s/b less than | 150 |
| CAD - treatment | life changes, blood sugars, meds |
| CAD - Atherectomy | removal of fatty plaque |
| Coronary Angioplasty aka | balloon |
| Coronary Angioplasty procedure | balloon tipped catheter inserted, inflated to increase lumen |
| Care after Coronary Angioplasty | no lifting more 10lbs, bike, driving, mowing 3 days |
| atherectomy | removal of hard plaque - rotorooter |
| TMR - Transmyocardial Revascularization | laser procedure which improves oxygen to myocardial tissue |
| Pericardium | provides sac for heart |
| epicardium | outter layer of heart |
| myocardium | middle - muscle of heart |
| endocardium | inner layer of heart |
| Rheumatic Carditis | inflam cardiac manifestion of rheumatic fever |
| Rheumatic Carditis affects: | heart valves, mitral, endo, myo, periocardium |
| Rheumatic Carditis what happens | wbc resond, leaving debris that accumulates as vegtation around valves |
| Rheumatic Carditis s/s | red spotty rash, joints swollen, marble sized nodules |
| Rheumatic Carditis treatment | IV antibotics, ASA, steriods, surgery |
| Pericarditis what happens | cells get inflammed, membranes get permable, intracell fluid leaks interstital space |
| When Pericardial fluid accumulats | cardiac tamponade |
| Cardiac tamponade results in | impaired filling of blood, death if not treated |
| pulsus paradoxus | similar to cardiac tampon |
| pulsus paradoxus is worse when | moving and breathing |
| myocarditis | whatever damage, inflamm response causes cardiac muscle swell - decreases stretch & recoil |
| causes of myocarditis | viral bacterial, fungal Flu A B measles, mumps etc |
| Right heart failure s/s | JVD distension, peripheral edema |
| Left heart failure s/s | crackles, S3 gallop, friction rub |
| 3 types of cardiomyopathy | dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive |
| cardiomyopathy - what is it | structural changes in the heart muscle |
| Infective Endocaritis is considered not infection, but | autoimmune |
| Endocaritis is | inflammation of inner layer of heart |
| Thrombosis | formation of blood clot |
| Thrombus | stationary blood clot |
| Embolus | moving clot |
| Thrombophlebitis | inflammation of vein accompanied by clot or thrombus |
| Thromboangitis Obliteran aka | Buergers Disease |
| Buergers Disease what is it | inflammation of blood vessels associated w/clot formation |
| Buergers Disease s/s | 1 or both feet always cold, numbness, burning mottled purplish red |
| cardiac output - CO | amount of pumped out L V each minute |
| stroke volume - SV | amount of blood pumped out of LC each contraction |
| aortic valve disorders | narrowing of opening of valve caused by hardening cusps |
| aortic valve disorders | stiff valves need more force to push blood thru narrow opening |
| s/s aortic valve disorders | asymptomatic, dissy, faint, angina, weak carotiod pulse |
| aortic regurgitation - what is it | valve does not close tigh and blood leaks back |
| aortic reguritation - s/s | tachy, palpatations, dyspnea angina flushed moist skinn |
| mitral valve disorders - 3 types | mitral stenosis, regurgitaton, prolapse |
| prolapse means | flopping |
| stenosis means | rigid |
| mitral stenosis | cusps stick together, does not open properly |
| mitral stenosis - s/s | pink frothy cough |
| mitral valve disappears when | squatting |
| Myocardial infarction | when prolong total occlusion of CA blood flow |
| 2 types of MI | transmural infarction - subendocardial infarction |
| transmural infarction - Q-wave | entends thru full thickness of myocardial wall |
| subendocardial - nonQ-wave | entends partial thickness of myocardial |
| most common cause of MI | coronary thrombosis - blood clot in coronary |
| problems (2) most common after MI | dysrhythmias and HF |
| damaged cells release enzymes n 2 blood stream | cardiac markers |
| cardiac markers (6) | myoglobin, troponin T troponin I CK-MB AST LDH |
| collateral circulation re: MI | new capillaries begin to grow 2-3 weeks |
| cardiac patch | collagen fibers grow w/n 2 weeks |
| MI complications after | dysrhymias, cardiogenic shock, ventribular rupture or aneurysem |
| MI s/s | pale, clammy, NV, pulse weak, rapid, irregular, cough dyspnea |
| biggest test to confirm MI | troponin - healthy person will not have elevated |
| MI treatment | relieve pain, provide ox, restore blood flow, platelet aggregation |
| M O N A | morphine, ox, nitro, asa |
| MI Treatment PCTA | balloon angioplasty - 2 hr w/sx |
| MI Treatment Thrombolytic Therapy | clot busters, IV drugs t-PA 2hrs onset |
| MI surgical treatment | CABG - Coronary artery bypass |
| Education for pt | lifestyle, no smoke, excercise, low cholesteral, low stress |
| MI meds | asa, antiplatelet, hypertension |
