A | B |
straited muscle | voluntary or skeletal muscle |
fascia | fibrous tissue that envelops and separates muscles |
fascia | contains muscle's blood supply, lymph, and nerves |
smooth muscle | viseral or involuntary muscle |
cardiac muscle | straited and branching fibers but acts like smooth; involuntary muscle |
skeletal muscle grouping | bundles |
smooth muscle grouping | sheets |
cardiac muscle grouping | branched and only in the heart |
orbicularis oculi | closes eyelids, wrinkles forehead |
sternocleidomastoid | turn head |
pectoralis major | adducts, flexes, rotates arm inward |
masseter | closes jaw for chewing |
deltoid | extends arm |
biceps brachii | flexes forearm |
gluteus maxiumus | extends, abducts, and rotates thigh laterally |
biceps femoris | rotates leg laterally and flexes knee |
gastrocnemius | bends knee and lifts heel off ground |
Achilles tendon | tendon from gastrocnemius to calcaneous (heelbone) |
origin | point of attachment of the muscle to the stationary bone |
insertion | oint of junction of the muscle to the bone that moves |
flexion | decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb |
extension | increasing the angle between two bones; straightening a limb |
abduction | movement away from the midline of the body |
adduction | movement towards the midline of the body` |
rotation | circular movement around an axis |
dorsiflexion | decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot bends backwards (upward) |
plantar flexion | the motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes |
plant/o | sole of the foot |
supinaton | as applied to the hand, the act of turning the palm forward, or up |
pronation | as applied to the hand, the act of turning the palm backward, or down |
fibr/o | fibrous connective tissue |
fasci/o | fascia (froms sheaths enveloping muscle) |
leiomy/o | smooth (viseral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs |
my/o | muscle |
myocardi/o | heart muscle |
myos/o | muscle |
rhabdomy/o | skeletal or striated muscle |
-asthenia | lack of strength |
-trophy | development, nourishment |
ab- | away from |
ad- | toward |
dorsi- | back |
poly- | many, much |
muscular dystrophy | a group of inheritied diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers w/o involvement of the nervous system |
polymyositis | chronic inflammatory myopathy |
antinuclear antibody test | a sample of plasma is tested for the presence of antibodies that are found in the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus |
erythrocyte sedimentation rate | the rate at which erythrocytes fall to the bottom of a test tube. |
rheumatoid factor test | blood is tested for the presence of the rheumatoid factor |
serum calcium | a measurement of the amount of calcium in the blood |
serum creatine phosphokinase | elevated CPK levels are found in muscular dystrophy; myocardial infarction, and skeletal muscle disorders |
uric acid test | measures the amount of uric acid in the blood |
arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of the joint; synovial fluid is removed for analysis |
arthrography | process of taking x-ray pictures of a joint after injection of opaque contrast material |
bone scan | a radioactive phosphate substance is injected intravenously, and uptake of the substance in bone is measured |
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry | x-rays are taken of bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist, and measures how well the x-rays penetrate the bones |
muscle biopsy | removal of muscle for microscopic examination |
ACL | anterior cruciate ligament |
ANA | antinuclear antibody |
Ca | calcium |
CTS | carpal tunnel syndrome |
DEXA | dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry |
DTR | deep tendon reflexes |
EMG | electromyography |
ESR | erthrocyte sedimentation rate |
IM | intramuscular |
LE cell | lupus erythematosus cell |
Ortho | orthopedics |
P | phosphorus |
RA | Rheumatoid arthritis |
sed rate | sedimentation rate |
ROM | range of motion |
ADL | activities of daily living |
SLE | systemic lupus erthematosus |
TMJ | temporomandibular joint |
triceps | extends the forearm |
trapezius | elevates, retracts, & rotates scapula |
pectoralis major | adducts and medially rotates humerus |
deltoid | anterior part- flexes & medially rotates arm; middle: abducts arm; posterior part: extends & laterally rotates arm |
biceps brachii | flexes forearm in all positions |
pectoralis minor | stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall |
triceps brachii | extends the forearm; it is chief extensor of the forearm; long head steadies head of abducted humerus |
latissimus dorsi | extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus |
teres major | adducts and medially rotates arm |
brachialis | flexes forearm in all positions |
teres minor | laterally rotate arm; hleps hold humeral head in glenoid cavity of scapula |
brachioradialis | flexes forearm |
supinator | supinates forearm (rotates radius to turn palm anteriorly) |
psoas major | acts conjoinly in flexing thigh at hip joint and stabilizing this joint |
sartorius | "tailor's muscle" longest muscle in the body; flexes, abducts and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint; flexes leg at knee joint |
rectus femoris | one of the quadricepes;great extensor of the leg |
vastus lateralis | one of the quadricepes;great extensor of the leg |
pectineus | adducts and flexes thigh; assits with medial rotation of thigh |
adductor longus | adducts thigh |
vastus medialis | one of the quadricepes;great extensor of the leg |
gracilis | adducts thigh, flexes leg, helps rotate it medially |
vastus lateralis | one of the quadricepes;great extensor of the leg |
quadriceps femoris | great extensor of the leg |
vastus intermedius | one of the quadricepes;great extensor of the leg |
psoas minor | acts conjoinly in flexing thigh at hip joint and stabilizing this joint |
iliopsoas | chief flexor of the thigh; postural muscle that during standing, prevents hyperextension of the hip joint |
semitendinus | extend thigh, flex leg and medially rotate |
semimembranosus | extend thigh, flex leg and medially rotate |
biceps femoris | flexes leg and rotates it laterally when knee is flexed |
tibialis anterior | dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot |
gastrocnemius | "the calf" plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended, raises heel during walking; flexes leg at knee joint |
soleus | plantarflexes ankle independent of position of knee & steadies leg on foot |
plantaris | weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexing ankle and flexing knee |
hamstring muscle | semitendinous, semimembranosus, long head of biceps femoris |
flexors | iliopsoas,sartorius, pectineus, adductor longus, gracilis |
genu varum | tibia diverted medially |
genu valgum | tibia diverted laterally |
hallux valgus | lateral deviation of the great toe |
talipes equinovarus | "clubfoot" congenital disorder affecting more boys than girls; the ankle is plantarflexed, the forefoot is adducted; the foot assumes the position of a horse's hoof |
sprain | tearing of tissues, ligaments, muscles and tendons |
strain | overstretching injury with muscle tears; less severe than sprain |
buccinator | presses cheek against molar teeth, aiding in chewing |