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| Why are arms races problems? | At a loss to account for a war whose duration and horror seemed inexplicable by the logics of political or strategic calculation, both politicians and the public seized upon the idea that arms competitions could assume a deterministic dynamic that made war inevitable.If not contained, it would lead to a cycle of threats and counterthreats that would eventually spiral upward into war, as fear and mutual hostility increased in proportion to the size of each side's arsenal.The increasingly uncontrollable and volatile process of arms growth that can ensue as each state reacts to its rival's arms increases with increased suspiciousness about the rival's motives and an even greater increase of its own is termed the spiral model arms races can lead to misunderstandings and misconceptions . |
| Why did Salt two encounter opposition? | One opposition to Salt II was the internal of the U.S. Congress felt that Salt II would jeopardize and weaken the safety of the country. because it would give the balance of power to the Soviet Union.the treaty would allow for improvement in the quality of the Soviet Union weapons with out increasing the number of weapons. United States could not detect with confidence because of inadequate verification provisions in the treaty that the Soviet Union was improving their weapons. when dealing with Asia the U.S. would have less political influence. |
| What did this treaty provide? | The INF treaty had two things involved. The soviet union wanted to eliminate the movement of missiles than NATO. It eliminates missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 km. This applies to both the U.S. and the USSR. This is a categorical restriction. |
| What issues led to the INF Treaty of 1987? | mmmmmmmmm |
| What did the START Treaties provide? | They provided reductions in United States and Russian arsenals. The first START Treaty provided cut down on missiles that had a range of 5,500 kilometers. Each country was only allowed 1600 delivery vehicles such as Missiles, bombers, Submarines. It limited the amount of nuclear weapons to 6,000. The second START treaty would provide, by 2007 both country would reduce their war heads to 3,500 for the U.S and 2997 for Russia. The U.S ratified the treaty in 1996. Russia started their ratification process in 2000. U.S. and Russia continued to reduce war heads even if it was not ratified. |
| Why is the U.S. government developing a national missiles defense? | Advances in technology, Concern about nuclear attacks from rogue states, mistaken threat from Iraq. 335 |
| Explain the political issues which lead some to support and others to oppose it. What problems has the national defense system raised? | Opposition, too expensive, it’s unlikely to ever be very effective, the simplest way to defeat NMD is to launch more missiles than NMD has interceptors. According mutually assured destruction proponents (MADs) say that it would restart the nuclear arms race. Developing the national missiles defense would destabilize the world because having NMD’s increases the chance the likelihood of that country attacking. Countries that are not on the best terms with the U.S. see the NMD as a threat. In support of the national missiles defense system. It should have the same effect as MAD because the other country that would attack would realize their attack would not be successful. Supports realize that it may not be affect against a big country like Russia but it can provide protection from smaller rogue states. |
| In its 2002 National Security Strategy Report, the U.S. government stated that the U.S. “ maintained the option of preemptive actions to counter a sufficient threat.” What does this mean? And why is this policy controversial? | The U.S. was, prepared to use a nuclear first strike if the U.S. felt sufficiently threaded. If the U.S. decides to do preemptive war then we cannot stop another country from doing the same. It’s controversial because it makes countries think about doing their own first strike. |
| What was the goal of the 1968 MPT, and its basic bargain? | Prevent nuclear technology to be spread to other countries. Non nuclear countries would not try to build or accept nuclear weapons. The countries that belong to the MPT can have civilian nuclear power plants but not nuclear weapons. One big issue with this is that it’s not always easy to distinguish between military and civilian technology. Another big issue is that inspectors cannot always see the intentions of a country. Another big issue is that the treaty does not prohibit certain activity such as testing. It does not prohibit other countries and rogue states enrich uranium or make weapons. This is a double standard because the bigger countries can keep their nuclear weapons but the smaller one cannot have or keep nuclear weapons. |
| What is NPT’s current status? | It was renewed and made permanent in 1995. The discussion for renewal was difficult. If the U.S. cooperates in their own weapons control it would not put up a wall against other countries. One of the MPT’s failures is that the number of countries with nuclear weapons has doubled since it was first signed. It has not prevented other countries from secretly developing programs to create nuclear weapons. Its successes are all but four countries are legally bound to the treaty. Another success of the treaty is that it has caused some rogue states to give up their efforts in developing nuclear weapons. Example of rogue states that exchanged for the removal of economic sanctions Libya, abandon its nuclear weapons program, and other countries that are not rogue states that abandoned their nuclear weapons program. |
| What is the purpose in status of the 1996 comprehensive test banned treaty? | The purpose was to ban all nuclear weapons tests. The U.S, China, Russia, and Pakistan, and India did not ratify the treaty. It never went into effect for the U.S. but for the other 138 countries it did. |
| Explain the major concerns about proliferation today, and the different opinions about how to deal with possible “proliferators” | When the NPT was being rewarded in 1995 many of the non nuclear countries who were party to it required the nuclear countries to set a time table to dismantle their nuclear arsenals. This treaty was a double standard. Some countries want nuclear weapons despite the treaty that did not belong to the treaty. Another concern is convincing the countries that do not belong to a treaty not to get nuclear weapons. In 2005 when the treaty was reviewed the U.S. keep its promises to other treaties. The double the U.s. does not allow Muslim countries to have nuclear weapons but allows Israel to have nuclear weapons. |
| What controls exist on chemical and biological weapons? | Biological weapons, 1972 biological weapons convention, it bans the production, possession and use of germ based biological weapons. The biological weapons treaty of 1972 banned the production and possession of biological weapons After WWI the Geneva protocol was ratified and banned using chemical gas or bacteriological weapons. Chemical weapons convention of 1993, the countries that signed it promised to eliminate all chemical weapons by 2005 and to never under any circumstance develop, produce, stock pile or use chemical weapons; to not provide chemical weapons or the means to make them to another country. |
| What controls exist on acumination and sale of conventional weapons? | There is a conventional forces and Europe treaty. Reduced the number of troops in Europe. Anti personal mine treaty prohibits making. Using, and possessing or transferring land mines. Wassenaar arrangement on export controls for conventional arms and dual use goods and technologies. This treaty limits the exportation of some types of weapons technology and creates an organization to modern the spread of conventional weapons. The UN conference on the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons. It regulates large volume weapons transfers. |
| What are economic issues more important today for an understanding of international politics than in prior years? | They are important to understand because of interdependency. Understanding trade between countries. Trade can affect influence between two countries. Every country has some type of responsibility to help each other. Advocating for growth in globalization, and accepting different principles from our own. Understanding the importance of networking and interaction with others. |
| What is economic nationalism? What policies does it promote? | Realpolitik means the belief that politics is based on the pursuit, possession and application of power. Economic nationalism is the realpolitik belief that the state should use its economic strength to further national interest. A state should use its power to build its economic strength. Conflict characterizes international economic relations and that the international economy is a zero sum game in which one side can gain only if another side loses. One of the goals is for politics to govern economic policy because the aim is to maximize state power in order to secure state interest. To secure national interest. |
| What are the goals of economic internationalist? | Increase global prosperity, ass much of free trade as possible, not tariffs, minimal regulations on trade, they like certain kinds of regulations such as environmental rules which is a mixed bag. They would like a mixed economy. They try and prevent monopoles, brutal competition, and unequal distribution of wealth. They believe in eliminating political interference in the international economy. They believe in capitalism and want other countries to adopt it. They want to be fair to less developed countries so that they could achieve prosperity. |
| How do structuralist explain what happens? | They believe that economic structure determines politics. The way the world is structured economically determines how world politics is conducted. Marxist theory is that capitalist leaders fooled their workers into supporting the exploration the other less fortunate people through imperialism. This would lead to an international class struggle. The dependency theory is holds that underdeveloped countries are poor because the rich are exploiting them. This part of structuralism is neocolonialism. Structuralist theory believe that the international economy is run by economically developed countries by their need for primary products or thing that other things are made out of such as oil wood, metal. Markets for their manufactured goods, investment opportunities, and low wage labor. This entire thing means that the rich countries get richer and the poor countries get poorer (neocolonialism). World systems theory is a great economic inequality because of the political and economic domination of the west. The western capitalists system has caused the poor country to be poor. |
| How did the post WWII situation influence international economic management? | globalization increased. Financial markets became international and money became more regulated this allowed money to be traded easier. U.S. became an economic and guided the new change in globalization.Many of those who argued against a return to colonialism also supported the creation of new economic order based on expansion, monetary stability and liberal trade principles. The world moved away from protectionism, some countries resisted this trend. Because of the large flow of money from the globalization there was low unemployment and high growth. |
| How did the hegemonic stability work here? Why did the system break down? | The world‘s economic health is tied to a single countries economic health. |
| What has been the pattern of management in recent years? | reduction in trade barriers.increasing importance of private capital flows. |
| Why are international trade issues more problematic than international monetary issues? | international monetary issues are less problematic because they are easily regulated. |
| What was the role of the GATT and now of the WTO? | The role of GATT was to reduce world tariff international trade barriers. Helped trade. The WTO Ensure trade flows smoothly by negotiating trade agreements and settling disputes; Assist developing countries with their trade policy issues; and Provide developing countries with trade-related training programs. |
| What has the WTO done and why is it controversial? | What the WTO has done has reduced trade protections for less developed countries. It makes it hard for the less developed to compete in the international trade system. The WTO also trying allows rulings to be passed by a minority instead of a majority. The WTO is dividing the have and the have-nots. |
| What are some current international trade issues? | mmmmmmmm |
| What are some current international monetary issues? What problems does the U.S. face in this area? | Exchange rates of currency, the strength and weakness of the U.S. Dollar. The problems that the U.S. faces are the U.S. dollar is weak, this means foreign good are more expensive. Foreign goods and investment, and services travel to foreign countries, which is more costly. Some advantages of the weak dollar are it’s easier to sell goods and services over seas. Domestic wages are kept high in the U.S. more tourism in the U.S. |
| What is the status of international attempts to deal with finical crises? | mmmmmm |
| What are the major problems of less developed countries? | They are inexperienced when it comes to political domain. They are venerable economic and natural disasters. They feel they have to play by the rules of the developed countries. LDC’s do not always have good relations with the EDL. LDC was coming out of being colonies so they did not have a voice. They are too dependent on outside sources for help in many areas. Huge gap in income development. Domestic income disparity in LDC’s than EDC’s. Explosive population growth. |
| Explain some economic and political theories about their problems? | They believe that economic structure determines politics. The way the world is structured economically determines how world politics is conducted. Marxist theory is that capitalist leaders fooled their workers into supporting the exploration the other less fortunate people through imperialism. This would lead to an international class struggle. The dependency theory is holds that underdeveloped countries are poor because the rich are exploiting them. This part of structuralism is neocolonialism. Structuralist theory believe that the international economy is run by economically developed countries by their need for primary products or thing that other things are made out of such as oil wood, metal. Markets for their manufactured goods, investment opportunities, and low wage labor. This entire thing means that the rich countries get richer and the poor countries get poorer (neocolonialism). World systems theory is a great economic inequality because of the political and economic domination of the west. The western capitalists system has caused the poor country to be poor. |
| What are primary products and why may countries that export them have particular problems? | Raw materials, the finished produced generally cost more than the raw material. Unless the exporter gets the share of the final product he does not receive all the money that he deserves. |
| Why is free trade supposed to benefit all parties? Why do some disagree? | Increases between parties and strengths international dependency? If the countries. Low or not tariffs benefits countries. Theory of free trade is that everybody would benefit by producing what each is best at producing. It’s good for the consumer but bad for the producer. Negative it hurts domestic producers because they cannot compete with the prices. Unfair international competition. An EDC can stop free trade with a country dependent on it. |
| Explain some of the strategies LDC’s have used to improve their situations? | Less developed countries need to improve industrialization. Changing their political system to accommodate their domestic systems. Encourage industries and better standard of living. In creating foreign aid less developed countries have to accumulate capital. LDC’s should give tax breaks to certain industries within the country. To put tariff on imported to protect the domestic goods. The LDC’s have used to quotas to limit the import of goods for the same reason as tariffs. |
| What are the goals pros and cons of using foreign aid? | Goals are to promote development or simple have filled basic needs. Pros free money with no expectation of paying it back not always true. A con the LDC’s become dependent on the richer countries for help. Receiving free aid can encourage corruption and the aid does not go always to the people. Another con is that foreign aid tends to short term relief. The result of foreign aid is ideally the countries development is kicked started and basic human needs are met. |
| Import substitution industrialization | Using your own material in your own countries. Labor issues in the countries are not known to be addressed. |
| Export lead industrialization Borrowing from commercial banks | The goals are help start development of the country. Pros they are not reliant on other countries. Helps them be more self reliant in developing themselves. Con is paying the money back with interest. The result of foreign aid is ideally the countries development is kicked started and basic human needs are met. |
| Attending to the basic needs of the population | The goals are to attend the basic needs to the population, food, shelter water, medical care. Pros are people become more productive. Encourages seeking help. Pros increases quality of life. Cons are short term problems are not fixed. Underdevelopment, possibly debt. The results in the long run the country should become more productive. Improve finance in the country, provide primary and secondary education. Economics stress the education of women because if women are educated, this would hopefully help with having fewer children in the country. Having the people take control of their land. |
| How are MNC’s related to the economic development of LDC’s? | They are major employers of LDC’s. They pay them bet to nothing. |
| What concerns have been raised about MNC’s in EDC’s and more vigorously about those in LDC’s? | The concerns that have been raised are exploitation, child labor, working conditions. In EDC’s they tend to force out smaller business under cut small businesses. MNC’s tend to resist paying overtime, shave hours; they make the employee work off the clock, and do not provide health insurance less than 40 hours. |
| What strategies have been employed to address these concerns? | Governmental regulation |
| What problems do LDC’s have with overall management of the international economy? | Unequal distribution of finances. Economic exploitation of the LDC’s. they claim the right to greater share in the world’s economic wealth. |
| What changes have they requested? | Trade reforms, such as lowering tariffs on agricultural imports, monetary forms to stability in the exchange rates, increased influence over international financial agencies, assistances from eh EDC’s and modernizing the LDC’s economy., greater labor migration for LDC’s workers seeking jobs in EDC’s, the elimination of economic sanctions against the LDC’s, greater economic aid from the EDC’s, debt relief from EDC’s and international financial agencies. |
| How have they tried to push these changes? With what results? | A group of LDC’s formed a coalition, group of 77. To gain more barging power team up. Put forth a new international economic order a proposal. With what results the rich countries have ignored the LDC’s and what they have said. For example the LDC’s ask that each EDC’s give .7% of the EDC’s GNP as economic aid. The EDC’s have only give .3% of the request. Trade barriers have not been reduced. |
| To what extent has LDC’s been able to use international organizations for their benefit? | mmmmmmmmm |
| What is globalization? What are its advantages and disadvantages? | A multifaceted concept that represents the increasing integration of economics, communications, and culture across national boundaries. Goods and money move more freely between countries. There is a larger market for a countries goods and services. There are greater investment opportunities. Financial aid is more easily distributed to countries that need it. Because of the interdependence globalization creates, if one country fails, all countries are hurt financially. Richer countries gain more influence over other countries. This system tends to lead to the exploitation of raw goods producers. |
| Who benefits and who does not? | Countries with large numbers of consumers benefit from access to the world market. The consumers pay for finished goods and the majority of the profit remains in the country. These countries tend to be EDCs. LDCs are exploited for their raw goods. They will not see most of the profit from the finished product. Domestic producers, such as farmers, face increased competition for the international market. |
| What suggestions have been made to better manage the process? | Find a balance between protecting domestic goods and encouraging imports. Regulate the international financial market to prevent another collapse of stock markets. Regulate money to stabilize exchange rates. Provide aid to LDCs and countries that are victim to disasters. Encourage the development of LDCs. Improve communication between trading partners. Increase the role of international financial organizations. Encourage fair competition by regulating prices of goods. |
