| A | B |
|---|
| Active Listening | (1) process taking into account what the client said, content, feelings, & nonverbal cues being sent (2) It requires (a) identifying themes in the thought & defense mechanisms expressed (b) awareness of and insight into the nurse’s own biases (c) the client, not the nurse, close the conversation |
| Acupressure | (1) use of finger pressure to stimulate certain points of the body (2) techniques used to cure certain illnesses, promote wellness, and relieve pain (3) txs are based in Eastern philosophy of qi or life energy (4) goal of acupressure wellness care is to recognize and manage changes in the client’s life energy before an illness or a disease occurs. |
| Acupuncture | (1) use of needles to stimulate certain points of the body (2) techniques used to cure certain illnesses, promote wellness, and relieve pain (3) txs are based in the Eastern philosophy of qi or life energy (4) goal of acupuncture wellness care is to recognize and manage changes in the client’s life energy before an illness or a disease occurs. |
| Aromatherapy | use of the essential oils of plants to illicit odors that produce specific |
| Active Listening | requires that the client, not the nurse, close the conversation. |
| Biofeedback | (1) stress management technique that brings under conscious control bodily process normally thought to be beyond voluntary command (2) process by which the body learns to bring autonomatic nervous system responses under control (3) responses include heart /rhythm, BP, peristalsis and skin temperature (4) a cardiac monitor or automatic BP machine is used to provide feedback on the responses (5) achieve control over these functions by relaxing to develop awareness of & control bodily responses in a manner that reduces stress. |
| Blocks or Barriers To Communication | (1) behaviors on the part of the nurse that inhibit communication and interfere with the development of the nurse-patient relationship (2) include agreeing and disagreeing, challenging, changing topics, defensiveness, giving common advice, passing judgment, probing, giving rejecting responses, stereotyping, testing, and giving unwarranted reassurance. |
| Challenging Barrier To Communication | involves making another person prove what he or she is saying. |
| Clarifying | method of eliciting clearer or more specific information from another person. |
| Comfort | (1) state of ease and contentment (2) includes such dimensions as relief of physical, emotional, and spiritual suffering or grief (3) a core concept of nursing (4) like pain is subjective (5) is defined solely from the client's perspective (6) is what the client says it is |
| Contexts Of Comfort (IN WHICH COMFORT IS EXPERIENCED) | (1) physical: pertaining to bodily sensations and homeostatic mechanisms (2) psychospiritual: pertaining to internal awareness of self, including esteem, concept, sexuality, and meaning in one's life; one's relationship to a higher order or being (3) environmental: pertaining to external surroundings, conditions, and influences (4) sociocultural: pertaining to interpersonal, family, and societal relationships. Also to family traditions, rituals, and religious practices. |
| Cultural Background | a client’s background and age are the two major factors that tend to determine the extent and type of social support that may be available. |
| Environment | both the physical setting, the family, friends, and significant others that affect a client. |
| Environment Comfort (in an acute care setting) | )1) attention to noise (2) the amount and type of light (3) presence or absence of odors all contribute to comfort (4) nurse serves as patient advocate by being aware of the environ and adjusting what can be changed to increase comfort. (5) may be as simple as turning off the overhead lights so the patient can nap (6) as major as advocating for a change of rooms due to an unacceptable noise level |
| Focusing | technique that helps patients recognize their underlying feelings or state their main concerns |
| Four Main Types of Comfort Needs | (1) physical comfort i.e. chronic aches, nausea. (2) psychospiritual comfort measures that can help strengthen a client’s self-esteem include identifying the person’s strengths and building on them (3) social comfort takes into consideration any supportive people and resources available to the client (4) environmental comfort relates to the provision of nonthreatening internal and external |
| Guided Imagery | (1) process using creative thoughts to achieve a positive effect (2) the client closes eyes, breathes in and out slowly, while imagining that each outward breath carries away pain and discomfort (3) use of a therapist or tape in a controlled environ to guide the senses to create pleasant mental images or scenery to promote feelings of well-being, calm reducing stress or pain. The images may be concrete or symbolic |
| Hydrotherapy | use of hot or cold moisture in the form of solid, liquid, or gas to trigger the body’s response to temperature and produce comfort |
| Indirect Comfort Measures | include providing a quiet environment, providing family support, and carefully listening to what a patient is saying |
| Open-Ended Statement | prompt that allows a patient to tell his or her story or express his or her own feelings, pain, concerns, and so forth |
| Paraphrasing | restating the point that another person is expressing |
| Physical Attending | (1) set of nursing behaviors that facilitate effective communication |
| Prioritization Process | help identify necessary comfort measures. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs priorities various nursing comfort measures that are easy to identify. (1) attention to basic physical needs (for air, food, & fluid) (2) issues related to safe shelter, rest, & sleep (3) client’s ability to safely move & maintain their temperature. Attention to each of these areas is crucial to survival & meeting a person’s basic physical comfort needs (4) needs like safety & security issues have both physical & psychological aspects. A person needs to feel safe in their physical environment as well as psychologically safe in their relationship w/their hcp |
| Probing barrier to communication | involves the use of psychologically invasive techniques |
| Pruritis | (1) itching of the skin w/or w/o a rash (2) comfort measures vary depending on severity & cause (3) for simple conditions, topical ointments may provide comfort (4) for dermatological conditions (psoriasis), encouraging compliance w/topical therapy regimes, light tx (5) self-care strategies can increase comfort (6) for burns-r/t pruritis, use evidenced-based research findings on the current best type of topical creams or oral histamines to help direct care |
| Reflecting | redirecting statements or comments back to another person |
| Rejecting Response | statement that tells a client that the nurse is uninterested or does not have time for him or her. |
| Self-Esteem | (1) judgment of one’s personal worth (2) some psychospiritual comfort measures that can help strengthen a client’s self-esteem include (a) identifying the person’s strengths and building on them in the care plan, (b) through verbal encouragement (c) and support when communicating with the client. |
| Spirituality | The part of a person that seeks meaningfulness through intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal connections. |
| Stereotyping | applying generalizations to an entire group of people. |
| Testing | giving a response intended to place another person on the defensive |
| Therapeutic Communication | (1) is goal oriented (2) directed by the client (3) functions as an intervention designed to achieve patient-centered outcomes (4) specific therapeutic communication strategies include (a) attentive listening (b) clarifying (c) focusing (d) using open-ended statements (e) paraphrasing (f) reflecting (g) summarizing (h) planning (i) physical attending |
| Therapeutic Helping Relationship | situation in which the nurse and the patient collaborate to promote the patient’s health and solve problems |
| Transcendence | ability to look beyond oneself and take into account borderline perspectives, activities, and purposes. For patients, this may mean finding meaning in suffering that is difficult for the nurse to understand |
| Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) | (1) alternative therapy in which a battery-operated unit delivers a tingling, vibrating, or buzzing sensation via electrodes applied to the skin (2) this method is believed to decrease pain in the area surrounding the electrodes |
| Types Of Comfort Responses | (1) relief: state of a patient who has had a specific need met (a) the absence of specific previous discomforts (commonly pain) (b) when a client perceives an interaction as caring & comforting, it enhances their sense of dignity & self-worth. (2) ease: state of calm or contentment (3) transcendence: state in which one rises above one's problems or pain |
| Unwarranted Reassurance | trite or superficial attempt at reassuring a client |
| Direct Measures | incl (1) therapeutic touch (2) heat & cold tx (3) distractions (4) relaxation techniques (5) massage techniques (6) conscious relaxation (7) distraction (8) visualization |
| Indirect Measures | incl (1) comforting environment (2) facilitating family support (3) listening (4) discussing fears w/client & family |
| Heat & Cold | (1) for greatest effect, apply cold on the injury site immediately after surgery or injury (2) for ongoing comfort of chronic conditions, cold application after exercise or during periods of exacerbation decreases pain & swelling to the area (3) heat (a) increases blood flow to the & contributes to pain reduction by speeding the healing process (b) used before exercise increases blood flow to the muscles & can reduce pain (c) generally, moist heat is recommended |
| Distraction | is thought to reduce pain by stimulating a person's descending control system resulting in fewer painful stimuli being transmitted from the brain |
| Egan (1998) | defined physical attending as a set of nursing behaviors facilitating effective communication (2) involves facing the other person squarely, adopting an open posture, leaning toward client, eye contact, relaxed indicating a willingness to the other person to listen & respond |
| Anglo-Saxon Protestant | early influence of values by this group on nursing is one of silent, self-control in suffering |
| Signs of Post OP Pain | (1) nausea (2) discomfort & pain (3) facial expression (4) body position (5) self-perceived level of distress (6) circumstances of onset (what precipitated discomfort) |
| Implementation Phase | actions designed to move the client toward the expected outcomes (2) outcdomes r/t the broad general areas of health promotion, health maintenance & health restoration (3) relate strategies directly to Maslow |
| Discharge planning for continuity of care | should start when the client is admitted to the hospital |
| Continuity of Care | (1) client education (2) referral to community resources (3) support groups (4) occurs in the implementation phase |
| Nursing Process | purpose is to identify a client's health status & the actual or potential needs of the individual, family or community |
| Apgar | (1) first test given to newborns; Apgar score occurs right after birth in the delivery room (2) designed to quickly evaluate a newborn's physical condition to determine any immediate need for extra medical or emergency care (3) Activity & muscle tone, Pulse, Grimace (medically known as "reflex irritability"), appearance (skin coloration), & respiration (breathing rate & effort) (4) usually given twice: at 1 minute after birth, & at 5 minutes after birth (4) score of 7 or above at 1 minute after birth is generally considered good health; a lower score doesn't necessarily mean that the baby is unhealthy or abnormal just in need of immediate care i.e. suctioning |
| Denver Development Screening Test | Denver Scale, is a test for screening cognitive and behavioural problems in preschool children |
| Planning Goals | are client oriented and are formulations of specific strageties aimed at achieving the expected outcomes in a specified time frame. |
| Implementation Goals | to move the client and caregiver toward expected outcomes r/t health promotion, maintenance & restoration |
| Denver Scale | Tasks are grouped into four categories (social contact, fine motor skill, language, and gross motor skill) and include items such as smiles spontaneously (performed by 90% of three-month-olds), knocks two building blocks against each other (90% of 13-month-olds), speaks three words other than "mom" and "dad" (90% of 21-month-olds), or hops on one leg (90% of 5-year-olds). |
