| A | B |
|---|
| Preferred position doctrine | A doctrine that upholds certain fundamental human rights above constitutional rights. |
| Free exercise clause | The free exercise clause and establishment clause constitute the first amendment of the constitution that grants the right to the exercise of any religion. |
| Establishment clause | The establishment clause prohibits an established religion in the United States. |
| Wall of Separation | The separation of church and state is a legal principle comprised of the first amendment. |
| Probable Clause | The standard by which a police officer has the authority to make an arrest, conduct a personal or property search, or to obtain a warrant for arrest. |
| Exclusionary rule | A legal principal which holds that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendents rights is sometimes indismisable. |
| Immunity | Grants protection in exchange for evidence or a testimony. |
| Self-incrimination | the act of accusing oneself of a crime for which a person can be prosecuted. |
| Double Jeopardy | a procedrual defence which protects the defendent from being tried twice for the same crime on the same set of facts. |
| military-industrial complex | refers to policy relationships between government, armed forces and the industrial sector supporting them. |
| habeas corpus | "hold the body" writ or legal action. You can't hold somebody in jail without bringing a charge to them within 3 days. Determines whether someone is lawfully detained. |
| ex post facto | "retroactive law, after the fact" Laws that are enacted after a crime or action has already taken place, this was not constitutional. |
| bill of attainder | act of the legislative which declares a person or group of people guilty of a crime and punishing them without the benefit of a trial. This was unconstitutional. |
| incorporation | a process by which American courts have applied portions of the Bill of Rights to the states. |
| Monetarism | Changes in the money supply influence national output in the short run. IN the long run, changes in the money output affect the price level. Monetarism also states that monetary policy objectives are best met by targeting growth rate of the money supply. |
| Supply side theory | States that economic growth can best be created by making it easier for businesses to produce goods and allowing flexibility in the market by reducing regulation. Consumers will benefit by having more goods at reduced prices. |
| Reganomics | A combination of supply side economics, lower taxes and keynseanism. This combination is theorized to boost the economy. |
| Monetary policy | Any process the government or other monetary authorities use to control money supply, availability,and cost of money to have objectives that help the growth of the economy. |
| Fiscal policy | Using government expenditures or revenue collection to influence the economy. |
| Plea bargain | The agreement in which the person being prosecuted agrees to plea guilty, if he is in turn, offered a lighter sentence. |
| Petit Jury | A regular jury. Unlike the grand jury who only hears the case to decide weather or not their is enough evidence, in a petit jury, a verdict is made and the person is determined to be either guilty or not guilty |
| Habeas Corpus | The law stating that every man has the right to a fair trial |
| Judicial Activist | Judicial activism occurs when a Judge or Justice decides an issue based on personal or political ideology or pressure from special interests instead of abiding by the Constitution and/or previous precedent. |
| Judicial Review | Power granted to the Supreme Court, allowing them to review any bill or law and rule it unconstitutional. |
| Sunshine Laws | A law that prohibits closed meetings of public bodies. |
| Shield Law | A law that protects a journalist from being forced to reveal the name of a source who provided information confidentially. |
| Sedition | Action or words intended to provoke or incite rebellion against government authority. |
| Naturalization | To grant citizenship to somebody of foreign birth, or to acquire citizenship in a n adopted country. |
| Green Card | An identity card and work permit issued to nationals of other countries. |
| fighting words | those that by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace" are among the "well-defined and narrowly limited classes of speech [which] the prevention and punishment of...have never been thought to raise any constitutional problem." |
| clear and present danger | The law can not and should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger producing harmful actions |
| dangerous tendency doctrine | n/a |
| prior restraint | The censorship of a publication |
| bad tendency doctrine | Interpretation of the First amendment that allows legislatures to make laws banning speeches that may have a tendency to cause people to engage in illegal activities. |
| suspect classification | a classification of groups meeting a criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination |
| quasi-suspect classification | People found to be in quasi-suspect class are entitled to greater constitutional protection, which means the state must have a more compelling reason for the restriction, and the courts will examine the laws under greater scrutiny. |
| Plessy v Ferguson | the Supreme Court decided that a Louisiana law mandating separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites on intrastate railroads was constitutional. This decision provided the legal foundation to justify many other actions by state and local governments to socially separate blacks and whites |
| Brown v Board of Education | The U.S supreme court declared state laws making separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." |
