| A | B |
|---|
| Inclusionary justice | Motivated by a desire to maintain cooperative relations. Equity in relation to inputs and outputs Assistance in time of need Respect and voice in decisions |
| Exclusionary justice | People outside of the social group serve no function, therefore they fall outside the scope of morality. |
| Moral Exclusion | Occurs when individuals or groups are perceived as outside the boundary in which moral values, rules, and considerations of fairness apply |
| the social group forms a .. | moral community |
| Cognitive Automaticity | can be defined in a number of ways. But, in the present study, we are defining automaticity in terms of non-conscious activation through priming. |
| Perdue Automatic Ingroup Bias Study | The speed of identifying the target words was influenced by the prime (even though there was no conscious awareness of the prime). Facilitate positive words and inhibit negative for the ingroup. So, really fast to identify CLEAN when preceded by WE, but slow to identify STUPID. Some evidence of the reverse for outgroup primes (longer for good words, faster for negative words). |
| Five Key Motives for Moral Judgment | Self Protection and Enhancement Ingroup Protection and Enhancement Honoring Relational Obligations Preservation of a Belief in a Just and Ordered World Coherence of Understanding: Hindsight and Confirmation Bias |
| Self-Protection and Enhancement | Protecting the self is a primary goal That which is dangerous to us is likely to be viewed as immoral/bad We are motivated to view the self as good Self Esteem can have both positive and negative consequences In general, we have a strong egocentric bias The “Better than Average” Effect |
| Ingroup Bias | The tendency to treat members of our “ingroups” better than members of “outgroups” Members of ingroups form a “moral community” to which moral rules apply Humans tend to have a moral disregard to outsiders |
| Assumption of Realistic Conflict Theory | Humans in every culture live and work in groups. Individuals reach their individual goals through group memberships. Material resources are scarce and human desires are vast. Group conflicts arise when groups are in competition for scarce resources. |
| The Robbers’ Cave Studies | Sherif divided the boys into two groups. Each group quickly developed its own norms and leaders. Sherif engineered a series of competitive events between the boys. At stake in each competition was a desirable resource. What was the effect of this competition? Intergroup hostility - “Garbage wars” and flag raids. Negative Stereotypes Change in leadership structure of the groups to favor aggressive leaders. |
| Social Identity Theory | Our group memberships influence how we think about ourselves. Self-Knowledge Self-Esteem Because our group memberships define our personal identities, then we are very prone to be biased for our own groups. Particularly with regard to Morality (Leach et al ingroup bias study) |
| The Emotions Underlying Revenge | Anger People are motivated to fulfill the desire for revenge People also believe that engaging in aggression will make them feel better In the short term people do show activation of “pleasure” areas of the brain when anticipating retaliating against people who have harmed them (De Quervain Neuro-Imaging study) |
| Catharsis | People believe that aggressing or even just “venting” will get rid of bad mood and state the desire for revenge |
| Evidence suggests the opposite of catharsis | Angry expression and aggression does not lead to better mood or a reduction in the drive for aggression |
| Bushman et al “Mood Freezing” Study | Participants believe that they are doing a study on information processing and (also) the effects of “Bramitol” “Bramitol is totally safe and has no harmful side effects. One nonharmful effect of Bramitol is that it will freeze your mood for about 1 hour. Many drugs can affect our moods, and Bramitol is no exception.” Participants insulted by a confederate in phase 1 of the study , In phase 2, have the possibility of aggressing in another laboratory task People who are high in expressing their anger are likely to be aggressive after the insult, but NOT when they believe that their mood has been “frozen” by the drug |
| Carlsmith Mood Expectancy Studies | People expect that retaliating against those who have harmed them will lead to a better mood Evidence from several studies shows this is not the case People continue to ruminate about the person, even after they have aggressed |
| Blame the outgroup | Outgroup directed anger Ingroup directed sympathy |
| Blame the ingroup | Guilt Shame Ingroup Directed Anger Outgroup Directed Sympathy |
| Campbell’s definition a tautology | “having the property an entity” But, he identified fine-grained cues that could lead to perceptions of entitativity |
| Dehumanization | Begin to see the outgroup in ways that are less than human |
| Loyalty and Norms of Retribution | People feel they have to go along with sentiment to retaliate and “be tough” against the outgroup Partisans are the one’s who can speak loudly Hard to dissent from retaliation |
| genocide | mass killings and the targeting of killings from combatants to the unarmed marks an important shift Direct killing as well as creating situations where people die from starvation and disease |
| stages of genocide | classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, extermination, denial |
| classification stage genocide | 1. division of ppl into groups. the more elaborate and rigid these distinctions, the greater the risk |
| symbolization stage of genocide | 2. marking and meaning of groups (e.g. jews being forced to wear yellow star) |
| dehumanization stage of genocide | 3. reducing the humanity of ppl (calling them vermin, talking about the need to purify the nation, calling the traitors) |
| organization stage of genocide | 4. putting into place a plan for the action |
| polarization stage of genocide | 5. elimination and silencing of moderates |
| preparation stage of genocide | 6. identification of victims, expropriation of property, may include transportation and concentration of victims |
| extermination stage of genocide | 7. may be in place, or after concentration, often referred to in words of purification |
| denial stage of genocide | 8. secrecy, burning of bodies and documents, claiming equivalence of atrocities, focusing on strict legal definition of genocide, making claims of it being natural to happen in civil war |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Consequence of trauma Prone to anxiety, startle response, depression, rumination and intrusive thoughts |
| Recent study examined experiences of survivors of Cambodian genocide who now reside in the U.S | High rates of major depression (51%) and PTSD (62%) 90% had family killed 54% tortured 56% witnessed killings PTSD rate strongly linked to degree of trauma experienced during genocide |
| PTSD is treatable | Certain kinds of cognitive-behavioral therapies and medication Harder to cope with mass trauma |
| There are often lingering effects of conflict between groups | Historical memory: Groups do not agree on the history of the conflict (in particular, who is to blame, and to what degree) High status/former oppressor groups often view the end of the open conflict as the end of the entire conflict “Its over, let’s move on.” |
| common features for truth and reconciliation comissions | Focus is on learning what really happened Generally low level perpetrators are given immunity if they come forward to tell the truth of what happened Victims may be compensated for harm Official apology may come from perpetrator group. High level architects of the atrocities may be brought to justice But, focus is on establishing a historical narrative that is truthful and does not blame victims or ignore the acts of perpetrators |
| TRC Faces many challenges | Oppressor groups often resist Feel themselves victimized Do not want to be demonized Fear prosecution, liability, revenge Requires both sides to be able/willing to participate |
| much more to be understood about how to make TRCs work better | Without work on the structural conflicts and problems that caused initial conflict, TRC may just be a “show” Reconciliation still requires a major change in how societies are structured At the institutional level At the person-to-person level |
