| A | B |
|---|
| chromosome | a large molecule of DNA and protein that carries genetic information |
| diploid | having a full set of chromosomes |
| haploid | having half of the chromosomes |
| heterologous chromosomes | chromosomes that have different genes sequence (not the same) |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that have the same gene sequence (the same) |
| alleles | one of a pair that are an alternate form of a gene located at the same place on the chromosome |
| gene | heredity unit located on DNA that codes for a trait |
| genotype | the actual genetic make-up present in an organism |
| phenotype | the physical trait that can be seen |
| F1 | the first generation/children from a cross |
| F2 | the second generation from a cross of members of the F1 generation |
| mitosis | cell division that results in two diploid daughter cells |
| meiosis | cell division that results in four haploid daughter cells |
| zygote | the diploid cell that results from the union of a haploid egg and a haploid sperm |
| germ cell | the haploid egg or sperm cell produced in meiosis (sex cells) |
| egg | the haploid cell of a woman that is fertilized by sperm to form a zygote |
| sperm | the haploid cell of a man that fertilizes the woman's egg to form a zygote |
| Punnett Square | a diagram used to predict the genotypes of the zygotes produced by a cross between a male and female |
| 3:1 ratio | the probable ratio of phenotypes when two heterozygous individuals are crossed |
| dominant gene | the gene that produces the same trait in either a homogenous or heterogeneous state |
| recessive gene | the gene that only produces a trait in a homogeneous state |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | a disease of African Americans and Africans that is the result of incomplete dominance of the sickle cell gene |
| sickle cells | red blood cells that are shaped like a sickle and do not provide enough oxygen to the body and may clot easily |
| autosome | chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual |
| Y Chromosome | the chromosome that determines the sex of a baby as a male |
| X Chromosome | the chromosoe that determines the sex of a baby as a female |
| locus | the location of a gene on the chromosome |
| Cell Cycle | the cell division cycle that consists of G1, S, G2, and M phases |
| metaphase | the phase in mitosis when the chromosomes line up in single file along the equatorial plane of a cell |
| metaphase I | the phase in Meiosis I when the homologous chromosomes line upin pairs along the equatorial plane of the cell |
| metaphase II | the phase in meiosis that reduces the number of chromosomes to a haploid state in the final four daughter cells |
| 46 | the diploid number of chromosomes in a human |
| 23 | the haploid number of chromosomes in a human |
