| A | B |
|---|
| the anterior surface of the scapula is separted from the chest wall by the...and the...(these muslces...on eachother) | sarratus anterior, subscapularis muscles (glide on eachother) |
| the serratus anterior | holds the scapula close to the chest wall through large ranges of scapular motion and revents scapular "winging" |
| traumatic injures of shoulder complex | sprains, subluxations, dislocations, fractures, etc. |
| repetitive movement injures of shoulder complex include | ectopic calcification, degeneration of cartilage, bursitis, etc |
| elbow | anatomic area that joins the arm with the forearm. the second link in the mechanical chain of the upper extremity |
| elbow motion allows...whereas forearm rotation allows... | the heigh and length of the upper extremity to be adjusted whereas forearm rotation allows the hand to be positioned effectively |
| the bony structures of the elbow are... | the distal end of the humerus and the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna |
| three joints of elbow | humerolulnar, humeroriadial joint, proximal radioulnar joint |
| the elbow joint allows how many degrees of freedom? what are they | 2, flexion-extension, pronation-supination |
| flexion-extension of elbow is accomplished at what joints | humeroulnar and humeroradial |
| range of flexion-extension of elbow | 140 degrees, 330 degrees at humeral head and 190 at trochlea fossa. also 140 degrees between the capitellum and the proximal radial head |
| with the elbow fully extended and the forearm fully supinated, the longitudinal axes of the humerus and ulna intercept at a ...angle . this is called? which is bettween ...degrees. this results because? | valgus. this is called a carrying angle. is between 10-15 degrees. the carrying angle results bc the trochlea extends further distally than does the capitellum |
| pronation-supination at elbow ocurs at the...joint | proximal rodioulnar joint |
| pronation-supination are motions in which the forearm... | rotates about a longitudinal axis passing through the center of the radial head and the distal ulnar articulating surface |
| the pronation-supination axis is.. | oblique to the longitudinal axis of the radius and ulna |
| the range of protnation about 71 degrees and supination about 88 degress is from...to.... | 120-140 degrees |
| in pronation palm faces...in supination palm faces | posteriorly, anteriorly |
| main contributer to elbow stability is the artiuclations between the... | trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear fossa of the ulna |
| soft tissue stability of elbow joint complex is provided by | the ligamentous structures that surround the elbow. most important of these is the medial collateral ligament which stabilizes against valgus stress (medial force) |
| the medial collateral ligament is...in almost all joint positions | taut |
| the annular ligament | is important for support of the radius (ligament wraps around the head of the radius and attaches to the ulna) |
| humeroradial muscles | biceps, bachioradialis, pronator |
| humerolunar muscles | brachialis, triceps, and aconeus |
| radiolunar muscles | supinator and pronator quadratus |
| flexor muscles | brachialis is the major muscle. functions as a flexor regardless of forearm position. biceps is active in flexion only when the forearm is supinated or in neutral position. brachioradialis is used only in rapid flexor movements. |
| extensor muscles | primary is tricpes. 3 heads of tricpes form one tendinous insertions intot he olecranon process of the ulna. medial of tricpes is primary extensor while other heads act in reserve. anconeus muscle also active in extenssion to stabilize joint |
| pronation muscles | pronator quadratus and pronator teres. pronator teres is more proximal than quadratus. pronator quadratus is primary muscle for pronation reagrdless of forearm position or flexion of the elbow. pronator teres functions whenever rapid pronation is required or during pronation against a resistance. |
| supination muscles | supinator and biceps. supinator is primary muslce regardless of elbow position. when biceps acts as a supinator, other muslces are required to cancel out the flexor action of the biceps |
