| A | B |
|---|
| climate | weather conditions at a place over a period of years |
| county | largest unit of local government within a state (contain cities, villages, townships) |
| ethnic diversity | variety of customs, ideas, artistic styles obtained from several ethnic groups living in the same area |
| ethnic groups | those based on race or place of origin; each group has similar customs & beliefs |
| forge | to form or shape, often out of metal as in a blacksmith's shop |
| latitude | measurement of Earth--horizontal lines on a globe or map |
| longitude | measurement of Earth--vertical lines on a map or globe |
| peninsula | portion of land nearly surrounded by water |
| province | administrative district or division of a country; Canada's equivalent of a state |
| suburb | smaller town close to or touching the edge of a large city |
| tri-county area | Wayne, Oakland, Macomb |
| coral | rock-like skeleton of various salt water forms of life which live in colonies |
| erosion | wearing away of soil or rock by wind or water |
| fossil | impression or trace of an animal or plant which has been preserved in rock or actually changed into rock itself |
| geologist | scientist who studies rocks and the formation of the Earth |
| Lost Interval | a period of 279 million years for which no fossils or rocks can be found in the Michigan area |
| archaeologist | scientist who studies about past human life & activities |
| glacier | very thick sheet of ice which slowly covers a wide are of land b/c more snow falls in the winter than can melt in the summer |
| mammoth | a large hairy or wooly animal like an elephant with large curvy tusks; usually live in grassy areas |
| mastodon | elephant-like animal with barely curved tusks; usually lived in swampy areas |
| Paleo Indians | first people who lived in Michigan |
| Paleo | ancient |
| radio-carbon dating | test used to determine the age of fossils; measures the tiny amount of radioactivity left once a thing has died |
| AD | means year of our Lord; present time period |
| BC | before Christ |
| culture | refers to ideas and ways of doing things that a group of people share in common |
| mound | large rounded earthen burial plot where some early Indians placed their dead |
| Copper Culture People | Indians that mined copper over 6,000 years ago on Isle Royale |
| Hopewell People | Indians that buried their dead in mounds |
| Norton Mounds | largest mounds found in Michigan (at Grand Rapids) |
| Traverse City | 45ºN |
| 45ºN | equidistant point from equator to North Pole |
| Detroit | 38ºW |
| Anishinabe | Ojibwa word meaning first man or original man |
| biased idea | idea which we have formed w/o actually studying the facts |
| clan | group where everyone has a common ancestor |
| migrate | movement of an entire group of people from one area to another |
| stereotype | considering everyone in a group to be alike based on an actual experience limited to a few members |
| Sioux | "snake" |
| Three Fires | Potawatomi, Ojibwa, Ottawa |
| Iroquois | aggressive Indian tribe but did NOT live in Michigan |
| Huron | Indians with the mohawk |
| Algonquian | language of the Indians (except Huron & Iroquois) |
| Ojibwa | "puckered moccasin" |
| Ottawa | "to trade" |
| Potawatomi | "keepers of the fire" |
| Menominee | "wild rice people" |
| Huron | "hair of a pig" |
| baggataway | popular Indian stick ball game |
| longhouse | rectangular structure of poles & sheets of bark; used by the Hurons |
| pemmican | mixture of venison pounded into a paste with fat & dried berries; used for emergency rations |
| wigwam | dome-shaped framework of poles covered with hides or birchbark |
| calumet | French word for pipe |
| bay | large area of water surrounded by land on three sides |
| conquest | to take over a land or people through war or battle |
| European | a person from one of the countries in Europe |
| extinct | a breed of fish, wildlife, or plant that is no longer living |
| monopoly | total control of a market |
| North America | land or countries north of, and including Mexico |
| Orient | modern countries of China, Japan, India, and the others in that part of the world |
| saint | an honor given by the Catholic Church to a person after death for outstanding dedication and good deeds |
| trader | a person who exchanges one kind of goods for another kind w/o using money |
| Black Robes | nickname the Indians used for the Jesuit priests |
| Jesuits | highly-educated Catholic religious group from Europe |
| missionary | person who is sent to preach or teach others about religion |
| portage | an area along a river where the canoes must be carried b/c the way is blocked; or a short distance of land which has to be crossed between two rivers or lakes |
| priest | member of the clergy in the Roman Catholic Church |
| salvation | the saving of a person from the spiritual consequences of sin |
| sault | French word meaning rapids in a river |
| soul | the spiritual part of the body as opposed to the physical part |
| Claude Allouez | priest sent to replace Fr. Menard |
| coureur de bois | illegal fur trader |
| Marie Guyard | set up school for women in Quebec |
| colony | group of people who settle in a new country but remain under the control their original government |
| convoy | a group of ships or vehicles organized into a unit and traveling together |
| count | a European nobleman whose rank equaled that of an English earl |
| detroit | French word meaning "strait" |
| griffon | mythical animal with the body of a lion and wings of an eagle |
| pageant | an elaborate exhibition or ceremony |
| rigging | ropes or chains that support or raise & lower the masts and sails of a ship |
| siege | long battle to gain possession of a fort or town |
| St. Lusson | official sent by the king to claim area for France |
| felt | cloth made of matted fibers |
| liquor | strong alcoholic beverage |
| pelt | skin & fur from fur-bearing animals |
| voyageurs | Frenchmen hired by the fur companies to transport goods and people by canoe |
| Etienne Brulé | first European to see Lake Huron |
| Cadillac | spy for the French & settled Ft. Pontchartrain |
| Jacques Cartier | first European to sail the St. Lawrence River |
| Louis Jolliet | explored the Mississippi River with Fr. Marquette (paid for the voyage himself) |
| La Salle | built the Griffon |
| Henri de Tonty | La Salle's closest friend, Italian, one-handed |
| Nicolas Perrot | French translator for the Natives at the Pageant |
| Fr. Marquette | established settlement at Sault Ste. Marie |
| Sault Ste. Marie | Michigan's oldest settlement |
| Jean Nicolet | sent by Champlain to find a route to the ORient; spoke Chinese |
| empire | many lands under the control of one government or king |
| file | a hardened steel tool having ridges or teeth on its surface used to cut or shape metal |
| New England | the English or British colonies in North America |
| religious freedom | the right to practice the religion of choice w/o interference from the government or other individuals |
| territory | land under the jurisdiction of a government but not having official representatives |
| British Northwest Company | fur trading company operating in the Michigan region |
| merchant | someone who has a business selling to the public; usually from a store |
| treaty | an agreement between two or more official groups or governments |
| wampum belt | belt of tiny tubes shaped from shells |
| census | an official survey of the population of a country, city, or state |
| Northwest Territory | land which included Michigan & eventually became the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and a small part of Minnesota |
| revolution | military overthrow of one government so that another may take over |
| scalp | the top part of the human head which holds the hair |
| Montcalm | French commander at Quebec that was defeated (and so was France) |
| Champlain | "Father of New France" |
| Wawatam | Ojibwa Chief that tried to help Alexander Henry avoid the massacre at Ft. Michilimackinac |
| Charles Langlade | ½ French, ½ Ottawa |
| William Johnson | considered to be an Indian expert |
| George Rogers Clark | pioneer that organized volunteers into a militia at took over Vincennes and Kaskaskia |
| Henry Hamilton | known as the "Hair Buyer" |
| Jean de Sable | first Black man to be mentioned of great importance to Michigan History |
| bayonet | sharp knife made to fit on the muzzle end of a musket or rifle |
| acre | measure of land; a square about 209 feet on a side |
| base line | reference line going east and west across the Lower Peninsula used to layout the townships in Michigan |
| militia | group of citizens used as a regular military force in emergencies |
| ordinance | a law passed by Congress under the Articles of Confederation |
| primer meridian | reference line going north and south through Michigan |
| section | square unit of land within a township which contains 640 acres |
| surveyor | person who finds boundary lines for maps using special instruments |
| tar & feather | to coat someone with hot tar & cover with feathers as a punishment or an insulting act |
| tavern | bar or place where liquor is old; meeting place in old times |
| township | land surveyed so that it is in square blocks, six miles on each side; used for the purpose of land sales and government |
| court-martial | military trial of a soldier or officer |
| prophet | person who predicts or foretells the future |
| cholera | often fatal disease which caused a loss of body fluids |
| revenge | to hurt someone in retaliation; return evil for evil |
| River Raisin | a river in southeast Michigan |
| Rush-Bagot Agreement | agreement between Great Britain & US that no military ships would be used on the Great Lakes |
| Thames River | a river in southern Ontario which empties into Lake St. Clair |
| warehouse | large storehouse for merchandise |
| Powell | first judge to hold court in Detroit even though he was Canadian |
| Josiah Harmar | American General sent by President Washington into the Ohio River Valley; he was massacred by Chief Little Turtle's tribe |
| General Wayne | American General that was strict with his men and victorious at the Battle of Fallen Timbers |
| General Hull | war hero and later governor of Michigan--then court-martialed for cowardice, but pardoned by the President |
| Matthew Elliott | Canadian that asked Judge Woodward to help return his 8 escaped slaves |
| Roberts | British captain that took over Ft. Mackinac in the cover of night by launching from St. Joseph Island |
| Judge Woodward | eccentric judge that hoped for a $20,000 courthouse |
| Isaac Brook | British General that demanded Hull surrender Detroit |
| Oliver Hazard Perry | American hero on Lake Erie |
