| A | B |
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| Who is Jim Roth and what did he do? | Dell Manager. Focused on early victories (new headsets); tried to come across as a real person, not just a boss; small wins are key to large ones; build trust and relationships with your employees |
| What is a functional group? | a permanent group created to accomplish a number of organizational purposes within an indefinite time horizon |
| What is an informal or interest group? | A group created by its own members for purposes that may or may not be relevant to organizational goals |
| What is a task group? | A group created by the organization to accomplish a relatively narrow range of purposes within a stated time horizon |
| What is a problem-solving team? | *Most popular team type; comprises knowledge workers who gather to solve a problem and then disband* |
| What is a management team? | A team that consists mainly of managers from various functional areas who coordinate work among other teams |
| What is a work team? | A team that is responsible for the daily work of the organization; *when empowered, they are self-managing teams.* |
| What is a virtual team? | A new type of team that interacts by computer; member enters and leaves the network as needed and may take turns serving as leader |
| What is the Quality circle? | This is declining in popularity, but is comprised of workers and supervisors, who meet intermittently to discuss workplace problems |
| What is a sunset provision? | Essentially an expiration date |
| What should you prepared to do if you create a work team with given parameters? | You should be prepared to say yes because they are supposed to operate within those parameters and have a level of self-management |
| For what reason would someone join a group if the groups' goals motivated them to join? | Goal Accomplishment |
| For what reason would someone join a group if they had confidence in what the group said? | Personal Identity |
| If you join a group due to a friendship, social situation, or for personal acceptance, what reason is this? | Affiliation |
| If you join a group to handle the pressures of daily living, for what reason did you join? | For Emotional Support from the group |
| What are the five stages of group development (Tuckman's Model) | Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning |
| What happens during the orientation (forming) stage of group development? | You attempt to define the task and how it will be accomplished through discussions of task-related concepts/issues |
| What happens during the confrontation (Storming) stage of group development? | There exists intragroup competition, leaders emerge and the formation of factions; arguing among members, even when they agree. |
| What happens during the Differentiation (Norming) stage of group development? | You establish and maintain team ground rules. More friendliness and confiding in one another also occur. |
| What happens during the Collaboration (Performing) stage of group development? | You gain the ability to prevent or work through problems, members also develop close attachment to the team |
| What happens during the Separation (Adjourning) stage of group development? | You consciously decide to disband and there is a sense of closure from the group |
| What is an example of using a virtual team? | CISCO Telepresence Suites allow companies to have meetings with people all over the world. $300,000 to build, yet these can save a company millions in logistics expenses |
| What did USC ICT do? | They invented a form of live 3D video conferencing using a spinning two sided mirror. |
| What are situational factors that influence group structure? | Size, size and participation, size and satisfaction |
| What are the features of an additive task? | The final group product is the sum of the individual contributions (pooled interdependence). Larger groups should produce more, but as size increases, average productivity drops due to social loafing |
| What is the chinese to US $ exchange rate roughly? | 7:1 |
| What is an example of a conjunctive task? | A task with a division of labor where the team is evaluated by their weakest link. Maximum performance is limited by the least capable member. |
| What is a disjunctive task? | A task in which POTENTIAL performance of the group depends on the performance of its BEST member. The group is required to come up with an answer, so the large the group the larger the probability of solving is. |
| What is a work role and what are a few examples of a work role? | A task oriented activity related to the work itself. Examples: initiator, informer, clarifier, summarizer, and reality tester |
| What are examples of a maintenance role? | These people are needed to make a group "work". These people act to join the strong and weak personalities in a group. Social-emotional activities Examples: harmonizer, gatekeeper, consensus tester, encourager, compromiser |
| What are examples of a blocking role? | People who create disruptions: aggressor, blocker, dominator, comedian, avoidance behavior |
| What effect can a comedian have on a meeting? | These people can hi-jack a meeting and therefore sidetrack it. Very common when presenters aren't prepared for a disruption and give these people the chance to interfere. |
| What is a focal person? | The person receiving the role in a role episode. |
| What is role ambiguity? | This occurs when the sent role is unclear; e.g. lack of a written job description |
| What is role conflict? | inconsistency between received roles and role behavior; work vs. family decisions; legal or unethical expectations |
| What effect can job descriptions have on different sized firms? | Larger firms write job descriptions to create order out of chaos, while small or medium sized firms tend to lack job descriptions. |
| What is a "rule-breaker"? | Someone who goes outside of their job description (getting coffee, making copies) in order to distinguish themselves in a large organization |
| What are group norms? | Standards of behavior that a group accepts and expects of its member; Ex: don't speak out of turn. You must define upper & lower boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable behavior |
| What is norm variation? | norms and their application may vary within a group. Least senior members of a group will generally get the more trivial tasks. Commonly seen with low tippers, low-comission merchandise, and the ability of a leader to get a "pass" when showing up to work late. |
| Why are norms generally created and enforced? | The identify the rules of game, they teach members how to behave and make behavior more predictable, they help avoid embarrassing situations, they identify and distinguish the group for its central values - WHAT DO WE STAND FOR? |
| What are the generally accepted norms when it comes to social conduct in NYC? | In the north, people generally walk the streets speaking little to each other, with heads down and little eye contact |
| What was Pirkle's dress code experience? | he went in for an interview for a teaching job and asked about dress code on campus. After being told there was no dress code, he stopped wearing ties to work. Pirkle was later scolded because although there was no actual dress code, ties were expected by norms |
| What is a piece rate? | when you as a manufacturing worker are paid by the UNIT versus by the hour |
| What were the results of the Hawthorne Studies during the depression? | Despite the economic turmoil of the depression, workers tended to follow PERFORMANCE NORMS so as to not outproduce their fellow workers. Study also concluded that productivity goes up when the lights are bright and dim because it makes you focus more. |
| What is a rate buster? | Someone who outperforms group performance norms and makes everyone else look bad. |
| What are the three reward allocation norms? | Equality (siblings), equity (merit) and social responsibility (Healthcare) |
| How many people prefer a merit-based reward system? | Generally only the top 50% of performers. |
| What are the two examples of norms of reciprocity? | 1. Specific scorecard - trading off who pays for lunch 2. Pay-it-forward - just a general sense of helping other people |
| What are some examples of norm violation? | 1. theft (stealing cable vs. shoplifting) 2. production norms (quality assurance) 3. Late to work? 4. Cheating? - You make your own choice about which norms you choose to follow |
| What are some examples of formal group reward dependence? | Groups have the capacity to reward OR punish. Promotion, pay, evaluation, assignments |
| What are some examples of informal group reward dependence? | Praise, recognition, social approval vs. criticism, ridicule, harassment |
| What does it mean to be informationally dependent on a norm? | This helps us gauge our thoughts feelings, behavior and can be especially helpful in new situations. These types of groups can be the most powerful. E.G. - CEO's declining pay raises due to media/social pressures |
| What is compliance? | Doing something because you HAVE to, not because you choose to. Usually done to prevent punishment or obtain rewards. E.G. CEO's and CFO's both having to sign financial statements according to SOX; Gift cards for not injuring yourself is a form of compliance |
| Why are there yellow lines on the ground in factories? | Safety compliance for insurance companies |
| What is identification? | Doing things as others would expect you to do. This comes from our desire to be accepted by others and we generally behave as our significant others would expect us to. |
| How does size as a situational factor influence group structure? | Most visible factor in group structure. Dyad = 2 triad = 3 |
| How do size and participation relate in terms of group structure? | As size increases, participation decreases. In informal groups of more than 8-12, a good deal of PROCESS TIME is wasted deciding who should participate next. |
| How do size and satisfaction influence group structure? | "More-the merrier" philosophy. 5 person group provides 2x as many opportunities for friendly interaction as a 3 person group. This is only up to a certain point though (about 10-15 members) |
| What is internalization? | When conformity becomes a part of our basic character; accept beliefs, attitudes & values supporting norms; Norms are perceived as morally right & proper |
| What are some factors affecting conformity? | Large groups exert more pressure; expert or experienced members; a united group; ambiguous situations call for conformity |
| Are insecure people more or less likely to conform? | MORE likely to conform |
| What is the social facilitation effect? | When people perform better as members of a group, essentially performing better head to head than against the clock. Even a passive audience facilitates our performance because of our evaluation apprehension or the desire to "look good". WELL LEARNED TASKS |
| What is the social inhibition effect? | Occurs when people are trying complex new learning tasks such as sports, public speaking or game shows. Complex new tasks are best learned in isolation: such as GOLF. |
| What is social loafing? | When some members of a group exert less effort than other; common with student group projects. Not necessarily a decline in ability but in motivation. |
| What is deindividuation? | This occurs when people do things in crowds of people that they would not normally do, such as streaking naked at Bonaroo. Warfare, masked trick-or-treaters. |
| What happened in the stanford prison study? | 24 male students as prisoners and guards, such extreme deindividuation that their brutality caused the experiment to be shut down after 6 days; Lord of the Flies- When there are no rules, chaos reigns |
| Positive Deindividuation | Can be positive in groups with noble and worthwhile social goals; schools, charitable foundations, religious groups, google stadium |
