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| old views of revenge and forgiveness | someting unnatural. revenge as disease or mental illness. frogiveness something ppl is based in religion and no human nature |
| 3 adaptive functions of revenge | deters aggressors forom aggressing a a second time. warns woul-be harmdoers to back off. coerces ppl who would be bad cooperators that they need to pull their weight in group |
| tit for tat strategy | Start off cooperating If your partner cooperates, then cooperate back on next round If your partner defects (competes), defect(compete on next round) If you partner goes back to cooperating, resume cooperation |
| in tit for tat strategy once ppl get into a cycle of retaliation they.. | cant get out of it |
| newer computer models find that cooperation stragegies that "forgive"...transgressions are more optimal | some. they get great rewards over time |
| what does it mean by not commiting the nautalistic fallacy | what is usual, does not determine what is right |
| naturalistic fallacy | this behavior is natural (or evolved or typical); therefore, the behavior is moral |
| being aware of the naturalistic fallacy protects us from.. | incorrectly arguing that there is a biological basis for determining our values |
| our brains and culture are rotted in... | the evolutionary history and character of our species |
| we must guard against assuming that as humans we can...create any kind of moral system we want | easily |
| motivational autonomy | biology determines what can be, not what must be |
| our species-typical brain and social structure provide... | building blocks |
| how building blocks are put together and appied is.. | often very flexible |
| what is the key for cruelty and kindess | the social nature of our species |
| five key motives for moral judgment | Self Protection and Enhancement Ingroup Protection and Enhancement Honoring Relational Obligations Preservation of a Belief in a Just and Ordered World Coherence of Understanding: Hindsight and Confirmation Bias |
| self protection and enhancement | Protecting the self is a primary goal That which is dangerous to us is likely to be viewed as immoral/bad We are motivated to view the self as good Self Esteem can have both positive and negative consequences |
| ingroup protection and enhancement | Ingroup Bias – The tendency to treat members of our “ingroups” better than members of “outgroups” Members of ingroups form a “moral community” to which moral rules apply Humans tend to have a moral disregard to outsiders (Tyler & Lind’s idea of inclusionary and exclusionary justice) |
| preservation of a belief in a just and ordered world | Humans are a sense-making species We (perhaps alone among all species) have a full understanding of our mortality We not only fear death (like other animals), but contemplate the meaning of our existence and non-existence. Lerner: Just world hypothesis Events in life are not random or arbitrary “Good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people” We have a strong motivation to justify our actions, and the actions of our groups Difficult to overcome One of the chief obstacles in promoting peace and preventing intergroup violence |
| just world hypothesis? and by whom? | lerner. Events in life are not random or arbitrary “Good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people” |
| old view morality | People use reason to make moral judgments Emotional reactions lead to bad judgments and sometimes immoral behavior |
| new view morality | Emotional reactions are the source of morality Conscious thought important for Making sense of reactions Willpower Planning, social coordination and learning (language and culture) |
| Haidt’s “Social Intuitionist” Model of Moral Judgment | People have strong moral reactions to many events Reasoning about why those events are “wrong” typically is… Very slow compared to the emotional response Prone to biases Motivated to justify their emotions People can become “morally dumbfounded” Sure that something is wrong but unable to explain why |
| emotions are the route to... | moral reactions. |
| particulary important emtions | disgust, anger, empathy, guilt |
| jones and fitness disgust sensitivity study | People higher in disgust sensitivity make harsher judgments of criminals, are more likely to convict |
| two emotional routes to helping... | distress and guilt over anothers state, empath and sympath |
| distress and guilt over anothers state route to helping | Can strongly motivate helping But, may be susceptible to avoidance “Only” helping to reduce one’s own negative state |
| empthay and sympathy route to helping | Even when possibility for avoidance, people feeling these emotions choose to help |
| toi and batson carol study | Participants listened and evaluated new programs from the university radio station Interview with “Carol Marcy” Has broken both legs in an accident, and fallen behind in school Mentions she is in introductory psychology (the participants’ class) Participants either told Imagine how it feels to be Carol Try to be objective Some find out She’s in your section She’s staying home to study |
| close attachments with care-givers set up... | our emotional networks for trust, empathy, and social connectio |
| our first experinece in groups is with | our family |
| behaviorism and pyyschoanalysis both stressed... | the dangers of the “irrational” parental emotions of love and warmth, and the overindulgence of children with affection |
| Two major streams of scholarship dominated psychological approaches to child-rearing | Behaviorism (Watson, Skinner) Psychoanalysis (Freudian Theory) |
| Harlow’s research worked hand in hand with Bowlby’s theory of attachment | Ran very counter to then-current behaviorist approaches (as well as psychoanalytic theory) Behaviorist models would predict that the babies would spend time on the wire monkey because of the reinforcing quality of the milk bottle. |
| Harlow. The start of a large body of research indicating that for group-living primates (e.g., Rhesus monkeys, Humans) nurturance may be | an innate need |
| What is oxytocin? | a hormone (molecule circulating in the blood) and neurotransmitter (molecule in neural processes) Vital in mammalian reproductive and pair-bonding behavior. Appears to play an important role in facilitating feelings of trust Not just a general “bliss” neurotransmitter |
| Kosfeld Trust Game Experiment | Administered oxytocin (nasal spray) or placebo nasal spray Participants played a standard trust game Participants in the oxytocin condition made larger investments in trustee compared to placebo When the game was changed so that it was a non-human interaction with an unknown risk-reward payoff, no effect of oxytocin |
| The integration between new and old brain is complex and not well understood, but increasingly can be viewed as | an interplay between the “emotion system” and more conscious control and interpretations systems |
| Ross - Divergent Construal | We see our group’s actions as justified and moral. The other group in the conflict also see things the same way Hastorf and Cantril: - They Saw a Game: A Case Study (1954 |
| Lickel said | Motivated Perceptions of Outgroup Entitativity |
| Dehumanization | Begin to see the outgroup in ways that are less than human |
| Loyalty and Norms of Retribution | People feel they have to go along with sentiment to retaliate and “be tough” against the outgroup Partisans are the one’s who can speak loudly Hard to dissent from retaliation |
| Violence and harsh treatment against outgroup is made easier by several methods… | Euphemisms for death: “Collateral Damage” Division of responsibility and distance from death Preventing media from reporting and showing death to outgroup (particularly non-combatants and children) |
| what is genocide | Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group Killing But also forced removal, expropriation of land, seizing children, cultural destruction “Total extermination” not required to be the goal |
| genocides are not bound by culutre, religion or region of the world. abbreavied list of genocides | Europe: The Holocaust Middle East: Armenian genocide Asia: Cambodian genocide Africa: Rwanda, Darfur |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Consequence of trauma Prone to anxiety, startle response, depression, rumination and intrusive thoughts |
| Recent study examined experiences of survivors of Cambodian genocide who now reside in the U.S. (Marshall et al) | 90% had family killed 54% tortured 56% witnessed killings PTSD rate strongly linked to degree of trauma experienced during genocide |
| milgram proxmity to vicitim rates of obeidiency | in next room 62.5%, same room-49%, place hand on shockplate=40% |
| milgram dissent rates of obedience | participant alone=62.5%, dissetners presnet=10% |
| indirect role in action (migram experiment) rates of obedience | particpant alone=62.5%, indirect=90% |
| reasons for optimism | Human behavior is complex Can be highly cooperative, altruistic, and thoughtful But…propensity for violence, war, exploitation, selfishness also present Social and biological sciences are unpacking the roots of human behavior Amazing complexity |
| much of what we consider cruel and kind behvaior has its roots in | human social structure |
| Emotion plays a very important role | Emotions are biologically embedded… …But serve an important social function |
| In the aftermath of violent conflict… | Physical and civil infrastructure may be damaged People may be traumatized People may have a desire for retaliation |
| Even in societies where “peace” has been achieved there may be… | Segregation Concerns about access to resources Lack of trust |
| Societal-level strategies | Group apologies and reparations Truth recovery, dispute mediation |
| Community-based strategies | Encourage intergroup contact and dialogue Promote healing and willingness to trust |
| Educational and Curricular strategies | Enhance awareness of group experiences Promote tolerance of diversity |
| three broad approaches to fostering intergroup reconciliation and tolerance | societal, community and education and curricular strategies |
| Truth and Reconciliation Commissions as a New Approach to Resolving Intergroup Conflicts | TRC appear to have benefits But, much more to be understood about how to make them work better Without work on the structural conflicts and problems that caused initial conflict, TRC may just be a “show” Reconciliation still requires a major change in how societies are structured At the institutional level At the person-to-person level |
| Intergroup Contact Has Large Benefits. examples of research | Pettigrew European Study UCLA Intergroup Attitudes Study Tam Northern Ireland Study (2009) Examined link between contact and increase in trust and forgiveness Positive relationship between contact and increases in trust and forgiveness Increasingly, researchers work in immediate post-conflict settings where outbreak of violence is a possibility |
