| A | B |
|---|
| Byzantium | an ancient greek city |
| Crusaders | a participant in a crusade |
| Crusade | a medieval military expedition |
| the First Crusade | a crusade with the goal for the eurpoeans to take back jerusalem |
| jihad | a holy war undertaken by Muslims against non-believers |
| Nurdadin | the second Zengi |
| Kurdish | of or relating to the Kurds and their language |
| Second Crusade | a march of the europeans to recapture the County of Edessa |
| tithe | one tenth of an annual crop used as a tax |
| Ghengis Khan | leader of the mongols starting in 2206 |
| Khublai Khan | leader of the mongols from 1241-1268 CE, founder of yuan dynasty |
| Marco Polo | famous european traveler who lived from 1254-1324 |
| bubonic plague | a large plague that swept europe in the 1300's and killed over 50 million people |
| Khanates | the followers of the khan |
| Hulagu Khan | the brother of Khublai Khan |
| the Golden Horde | the territory captured by Batu of the mongols |
| Ibn Battuta | Born in modern day morocco, this Sunni Muslim scholar went on many expeditions in Asia |
| Wei-so system | a system which consisted of a guard unit of 5,600 men known as a wei, and each wei was divided into a so, which was about 1,120 men |
| tun-tien System | a system which established many military settlements in battle |
| Zheng He | a naval captain, who sailed to explore during the ming dynasty |
| sovereignty | supreme power or authority |
| Manchu | An area to the northeast of china |
| Canton System | The trade between China and european merchants |
| Lord Macartney | a british diplomat |
| opium | a drug taken from poppy seeds. Was a main source of trade with the chinese |
| Opium War | a war between Britain and China. China believed that all the other countries were taking too much opium. Said leave with your opium or leave in destruction. Britain thought it was strong enough so it started a war |
| hoppo | Chinese customhouse officers |
| Taiping Rebellion | a rebellion held in china. Started by "Hong Xiuquan", who wanted to restore China to its "moral purity". Over 20 million people were dead by the end of the rebellion. |
| Boxer Rebellion | A rebellion that began in Shandong in response to the many german missionaries in the area. The Boxers invaded Beijing and killed chinese christians and western mercenaries |
| Hundred Days Reform | a set of 40 major reform initiatives proposed by young scholars who were influenced by Japanese and western ideas. |
| Sun Yatsen | a Leader of the Revolutionary Alliance |
| Yuan Shikai | a general for the Qing Government |
| New Culture Movement | A movement encouraging the whole culture of china to change to communism |
| May Fourth Movement | a movement that took place on May Fourth in which thousands of Chinese students took to the streets in protests |
| Marxism | the idea and practice of communism as created by Karl Marx |
| Mao Zedong | Chinese communist ruler who killed millions of people and tried to conquer all of China |
| Chinese Communist Party | Formed in 1921, the CCP aimed to turn all of China into a communist country |
| Jiang Jeishi | General in the Nationalists army, kidnapped in 1936 so the communists and nationalists can unite |
| Long March | a march of communists across china lead by Mao and went into hiding |
| United Front | the alliance between the nationalists and communists, which broke down in 1941 when the nationalists attacked the communists |
| October 1, 1949 | The day when Mao announced the creation of the peoples republic of China |
| Vizier | a high official in Muslim culture |
| Infidel | a person who does not believe in religion |
| Martyr | A person who is killed because of their religious beliefs |
| Fief | an estate of land |
| Zengi | the son of Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, governor of Aleppo under Malik Shah I. |
| Peasant | a poor farmer with a low social status |
| Saladin | Sultan of Egypt from 1137-1193 |
| Feudalism | The dominant social system in medieval times |
| Vassal | A holder of land, who controls peasants |
| pax mongolica | a peace treaty between the mongols |
| Hongwu Emperor | The emperor of china, and the first one who was a peasant. Because of this, he changed a lot of laws in favor of peasants. Was paranoid for plots against him and killed many people because of it. |
| Literati | Scholars of China |
| Neo-Confucianism | The rebirth of confucianism, still using the same principles as Confucius |
| Anti-Rightist Campaign | The attempted elimination of over 3,000,000 who supposedly had pro-capitalist ideas |
| Class Struggle | The constant struggle of wealth between social classes |
| Commissioner Lin | Chinese scholar and official who fought the Opium trade |
| Communist Manifesto | a manuscript on the inner-workings of communism, written by Karl Marx. |
| Cultural Revolution | A violent movement in china that changed social, political, and economic ideas and led to communism |
| Famine | A lack of food. Millions of farmers died as a result of this under the ruling of Mao Zendong |
| Labor Theory of Value | an idea that the value and/or price on an object or substance should be based on how much work went into it to make it. |
| Extraterritoriality | the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. |
| Five-Year Plan | A series of economic development initiatives aimed to aid china. Included were leaps in the technology of agriculture and industry |
| Four Modernizations | Aimed to make china a great economical power by the year 2000, the Four Modernizations were the rapid growth in agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology |
| Great Leap Forward | An economical plan which used China's vast population to turn it into a communist society using agriculturalization,industrialization, and collectivization. |
| Hundred Days reform | A failed cultural movement which aimed to eliminate the civil service exam and make radical changes to the educational system in China. |
| Hundred Flowers Period | A movement by the peoples republic of China which aimed to find solutions to national policy issues |
| Most-favored-nation-status | a status given to a country by other countries, symbolizing the level of favorability in trades. Formed in the aftermath of the Opium War |
| Treaty of Nanking | a treaty in 1842 between the british and China following the opium war |
| Sino-Japanese War | a war between china and japan over the control of Korea. |
| Self Strengthening Movement | was a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign |
| Arab Revolt | A revolt by the Arabs in response to the high immigration of jewish people |
| Crimean War | A war between the russians and the ottomans. |
| 1972 olympics | in the 1972 olympics, some israeli competators were killed by extremists, giving a new defenition to "hate crime" |
| Rape of Nanking | was a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanking, the former capital of the Republic of China, on December 13, 1937. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000–80,000 women were raped |
| One child Rule | a rule stating that a family in China is permitted to have no more than one child to keep population growth down |
| Taiping rebellion | A civil war started in china against the Qing Dynasty |
| Kanun | non-religious state law in Islamic settings |
| Tiananmen Square Massacre | A massacre in China. Many students were celebrating the death of a leader and staging protests. Many were gunned down or run over by tanks. |
| Sphere of influence | an area or region over which a state or organization has significant cultural, economic, military or political influence. |
| Khums | one-fifth of certain items which a person acquires as wealth, and which must be paid as an Islamic |
| Sultan | An ottoman ruler |
| Suleyman 1 | Grand Sultan from 1520-1566 |
| Young Turks | a coalition of various groups favoring reformation of the administration of the Ottoman Empire. |
| Kemal Ataturk | a Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and founder of the Republic of Turkey as well as its first President. |
| Muharram | the first month of the Islamic calendar. It is one of the four sacred months of the year in which fighting is prohibited. |
| Wahabbism | a Sunni Islamic movement that takes the pious ancestors, the Salaf of the patristic period of early Islam, as exemplary models. |
| Treaty of Versailles | ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. |
| 1973 war | also known as the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the Fourth Arab-Israeli War, was fought from October 6 to October 26, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states backing Egypt and Syria |
| Churchill White Paper | A response to Arab complaints about loss of land |
| Resolution 194 | A resolution addressing the refugee problem of Arabs by letting them back into Israel. |
| Sykes Picot Agreement | a secret pact between britain and france made during WWI that divided up the Ottoman empire |
| Peel Commission Partition Plan | A plan to relocate nearly 250,000 arabs from israel. |
| Palestine | the contested region that includes the state of israel as well as parts of egypt, jordan, lebanon, and syria. |
| McDonald White Paper | A paper stating that a Jewish homeland had been successfully created in Palestine |
| Hezbollah | a Shi'a political and paramilitary organization based in southern Lebanon |
| Hussein McMahon Correspondence | a series of letters between the British high commissioner of Egypt and the leader of Mecca that suggested Britain would support an Arab-Led caliphate in exchange for an uprising against the ottoman empire |
| HAMAS | a Palestinian Islamic socio-political organization which includes a paramilitary force |
| Holocaust | an event orchestrated by hitler for jewish extermination in death camps, by way of shooting, poison gas, burned, or other means. Approximately 6 million jews died in the Holocaust |
| First Intifada | a Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation in the Palestinian Territories. The uprising began in the Jabalia refugee camp and quickly spread throughout Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. |
| Second Intifada | he second Palestinian uprising, a period of intensified Palestinian-Israeli violence, which began in late September 2000. |
| Irgun | a militant Zionist group that operated in the British mandate of Palestine between 1931 and 1948. |
| Resolution 242 | this resolution stated that Israel must relinquish the territory it has recently gained after the 1967 conflict |
| Timars | administrative regions created out of Iqtas by the Ottoman empire |
| Suez Crisis | was a war fought by Britain, France, and Israel against Egypt beginning on 29 October 1956, over the Suez Canal. |
| Six Day War | a war between Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The Arab states of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria also contributed troops and arms. At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. |
| Zionism | A jewish political movement that strives for a permanent jewish homeland in palestine |
| Oslo Accords | milestones in the ongoing Palestinian-Israeli conflict, one of the major continuing issues within the wider Arab-Israeli conflict. It was the first direct, face-to-face agreement between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). |
| Sharif Hussein | the Sharif of Mecca, and Emir of Mecca from 1908 until 1917, when he proclaimed himself King of Hejaz, which received international recognition. In 1924, he further proclaimed himself Caliph of all Muslims. He ruled Hejaz until 1924, when, defeated by Abdul Aziz al Saud, he abdicated the kingdom and other secular titles to his eldest son Ali. |
| Shah 'Abbas | was Shah of Iran, and the greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad. |
| Shari'a | the sacred law of Islam. All Muslims believe Sharia is God's law, but they have differences between themselves as to exactly what it entails. |
| Camp David accords | The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David. |
| War for Israeli Independence | A war fought in 1948 the day after Israel claimed independence. After a year of fighting between the Arabs and Israelis, a sease-fire was proclaimed. |
| World War I | WWI, the First World War, the Great War, and "The War to End All Wars", was a global military conflict that took place mostly in Europe between 1914 and 1918. It left millions dead and re-shaped the modern world. The Allied Powers, led by France, Russia, the British Empire, and later, Italy and the US, defeated the Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. |
| Nationalist Party | Also Known as the Peoples Republic of China, it was first created by Sun Yatsen. The main goal was to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and make revolutionary changes to china. |
