| A | B |
|---|
| Philip II | inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies. |
| absolute monarch | a king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society. |
| divine right | the ideas that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God. |
| Edict of Nantes | a 1598 declaration in which the French king Henry IV promised that Protestants could live in peace in France and could set up houses of worship in some French cities. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | became, in effect, the ruler of France. For several years, he had been a hard-working leader of the Catholic church in France. |
| skepticism | philosphy based on the idea that northing can be known for certain. |
| Louis XIV | became the strongest king of his time, when he began his reign he was o nly a five-year-old boy. |
| intendant | a French government official appionted by the monarch to collect taxes and adminster justice. |
| Jean Baptiste Colbert | Louis' minister of finance. |
| War of the Spanish Succession | In 1701, England, Austria, the Dutch republic, Portugal, and several German and Italian states joined together against France and Spain. The long struggle that followed is known as this. |
| Thirty Years' War | a conflict over religion, over territory, and for power among European ruling families. |
| Maria Theresa | Charles's eldest daughter, the heir to all his Hapsburg territories. |
| Frederick the Great | followed his father's military policies when he became to power; he softened some of his father's laws, because he believed that a ruler should be like a father to his people. |
| Seven Years' War | Fought in Europe, India, and North America, the war lasted from 1756-1763. |
| Ivan the Terrible | Came to the throne in 1533 when he was only three years old. His young life was disrupted by struggles for power among Russia's landowning nobles. |
| boyars | landowning nobles of Russia. |
| Peter the Great | one of Russia's greatest reformers. |
| westernization | an adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western-especially European or American-countries. |
| Charles I | Always needed money- in part because he was at war with both Spain and France. Several times when Parliament refused to give him funds, he dissolved it. |
| English Civil War | From 1643-1649, supporters and opponents of King Charles fought this war. |
| Oliver Cromwell | Puritans found this general who could win. |
| Restoration | the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government. |
| habeas corpus | a document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can be decided whether his or her imprisonment is lega. |
| Glorious Revoluation | the bloodless overthrow of the English king James II and his replacement by William and Mary. |
| constitutional monarchy | a monarchy in which the ruler's power is limited by law. |
| cabinet | a group of adivers or ministers chosen by the head of a country to help make government decisions. |
