| A | B |
|---|
| Plessy v. Ferguson | "separate but equal" doctrine established |
| Brown v. Board of Education | ruled "separate but equal" unconstitutional |
| Thurgood Marshall | First African-American to serve in the Supreme Court and chief attorney in Brown v. Board of Education |
| NAACP | organization founded in 1909 to promote racial equality |
| Oliver Hill | Lawyer that helped argue Brown v. Board of Education for Virginia case |
| Massive resistance | Virginia strategy to prevent public school desegregation |
| White flight | Trend wherein whites flee uurban communities as the minority population increased |
| Rosa Parks | African-American civil rights activitist famous for refusing to give up her seat on the bus for a white passenger |
| Martin Luther King, Jr. | Civil rights leader and clergyman, assasinated in 1968 |
| Souther Christian Leadership Conference | Organization formed by MLK to work for civil right through nonviolence |
| Student non-violent coordinating committee | organization formed in 1960 to organization sit-ins and protests for young people |
| Sit-in | demonstration in which protestors sit down in a segregated business and refuse to leave |
| Boycott | To protest by abstaining from buying from an organization or company |
| James Meredith | First African-American student at the University of Mississippi |
| 1963 March on Washington | Large political rally; MLK delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech |
| Civil Righs Act of 1964 | Law that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin, or religion in public places and most workplaces |
| Freedom Riders | Civil rights activists who rode buses through the South in the early 1960s |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | A law that made it easier for African-Americans to register to vote by eliminating discriminatory voter registration practices |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | 36th President of the U.S.; upheld civil rights laws |
| Discrimination | Unfair treatment of a person based on their race, class, religion or other factors |
| Desegregation | The process of ending racial segregation |
| Literacy tests | Reading tests used to bar access to voter registration for African-American |
| de facto segregation | racial segregation established by practice or custom, not by law |
| de jure segregation | racial segregation established by the law |
| Malcolm X | Nation of Islam activist who advocated necessary violence assasinated in NY |
| Nation of Islam | "Black Muslims" - a religious group formed to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion |
| Stokely Carmichael | Popularized the term "Black Power", leader of SNCC, "honorary prime minister" of Black Panther party |
| Black Power | slogan used by Stokely Carmichael that encouraged African-American pride and political and social leadership |
| Black Panthers | militant African-American political organization |
| Kerner Commission | a group that was appointed by President Johnson to study the causes of urban violence and suggested the end of de facto segregation |
| Civil Rights Act of 1968 | the law that banned discrimination in housing |
| Affirmative Action | a policy that seeks to correct the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups who were previously disadvantaged |
| Samuel Tucker | civil rights activist that staged a sit-in at the Alexandria Free Library |
| Charles Houston | NAACP legal cheiftan, dean of Howard University law school, had a strategy to fight Plessy v. Ferguson |
| Howard Thurman | Professor at Howard Univsity influenced by the non-violent teachings of Ghandi |
