| A | B |
|---|
| Hereditary Principalities. Why is it easier to hold on to hereditary principalities than other kinds of principalities? | It is easier because people are use to your way of ruling. They are more willing to accept your rule as a legitimate authority. People know the ruler will not be a jerk. Other kinds of principalities would not be as good because the person who wants to rule has to convince the person that his or she is has the right to rule. |
| New principalities. Why are new principalities problematic? | New principalities are problematic because they have not been established. So in a sense there no reason why people should accept ones rules because the new rules are not established and the one who wants to rule has to give a good reason why his rules should be accepted. |
| What are the prince’s two options for governing a newly acquired territory that is territory close and linguistically similar to a territory he already holds? | mmmmmmmmmm |
| Why is it difficult to take a kingdom ruled by a single individual, but relatively easy to hold it once taken? | The kingdom is hard to take over by an individual because the people are use to following the rules of the government or the kingdom. It is easier to hold on to it once taken because it’s normally the blood relative or a relative that takes over. |
| What are the price’s options for governing previously independent kingdom? | For governing a previously independent kingdom. The prince can lay the policies to waste. Live there as a person or employ some city workers to maintain the territory for you. |
| Explain the difference between “cruelty well used” and “cruelty abused.”? | One may have to use some cruelty but not be overbearing. The reason and timing for cruelty is the key. If one uses cruelty then one should use it in the way so he can go back and ruling. Cruelty well used is where if the rule can have a balance of power then he is not afraid to use it when need be. Cruelty abused is when people start wondering about the rule and the rule does not want that if his is to use cruelty the right way. If the ruler gets strong opposition by the people he is in big trouble. |
| What types of arms might a prince consider using? What is Machiavelli’s evaluation of each type? | There are three possibilities for the types of arms a prince consider using is 1. Living there himself. 2. Send colonies. 3 send an occupying army. Evaluation of the first one is people will have more reason to love the ruler or to fear them. Anyone who wants to attack will have to think twice. The second evaluation is the colonies are economical, reliable, and the colonies do not give access grounds for resistance to the people. The third evaluation is sending an occupying army will cost a lot more than a colony. One sill gain more enemies by using an army. |
| Should a prince keep his word? | The prince should only keep his word if it does not put him at a disadvantage. The prince should hide the fact that he did not keep his word. |
| Should a price be loved or feared? | The prince should be both loved and feared but fear is better and safer. The prince cannot count on people to be naturally good. A prince should not have to worry about being called cruel. |
| State of nature? | In the state of nature there is no common authority an individual can go after another individual if he did not keep his promise. According to Hobbes in the state of nature we are all toddlers and there is not growing up. We are all equal in the state of nature. We are equal in our own authority. |
| Describe what life is like in the state. What is the chief difficulty in the state of nature? | We are vulnerable to a violent death. There is no one watching our backs and the state of nature is a state of war. We are always on the defense but he does not mean that we always fight. The life of a man is solitary, poor, nasty, rough and short. |
| What is a Covenant? | A convent is a contract to perform to do an act for someone in the future this is called keeping a promise. The failure to do so is a violation of faith. |
| What is an actor? What is an author | An actor is the one that does the action by the authority of the author. Example if Pat Pearce cannot be at a meeting he may ask professor Cavender to lead the meeting on his behalf. An author is the one responsible for the action. He is the one that owns the words and actions. |
| What is a common wealth? | Commonwealth; which, to define it, is: one person, of whose acts on behalf of many. This is done with the agreement of the many. One person a.k.a. the actor uses his authority how he sees fit to promote peace and common defense. |
| What is sovereign (Hobbes). | According to Hobbes a sovereign the one who has the authority of the people. |
| What is a subject? | The people that give the sovereign his authority. |
| What are some of the rights of a sovereign in a commonwealth by institution? In a commonwealth by acquisition? | 1. People cannot make a new covenant with another person. The people cannot try and get rid of the sovereign. 2. The subjects pledge alliance to the sovereign not the other way around. The sovereign must make a covenant with his entire subject not with small portions of the subjects. 3. The sovereign cannot ignore parts of the covenant. If he does not follow the decrees of the people he may lose protection as a sovereign. 4. Whatever the sovereign does he must not do injustice to any of his subject. 5. No sovereign may be put to death or otherwise punished by his subjects. Sovereign may decide the means of peace and defense. 6. Allowing the sovereign to censor options and written word for the sake of peace. The sovereign has an obligation to seek out or get rid of false truths. 7. Sovereign decides the rules such as things the subjects can buy do and the subjects cannot complain. This is an order to persevere pace. 8. The right to decide who is right and wrong. 9. To make war and peace with other nations and commonwealth and he is in charge of the militia. 10 the right to choice politicians and bureaucrats. 11. The power to reward subjects with riches or honor and power to punish with corporal punishment or fines. 12. The sovereign has the right to honor the people however they like. |
| What is the principle difference between a commonwealth by institution and a commonwealth by acquisition? | The common wealth by institution is that we are each other that are why we make covenants. Commonwealth by acquisition is that we are afraid of the sovereign. |
| When does a subject’s duty of obedience to the sovereign end? | The sovereign cannot command the subject to kill or wound himself. He cannot command the subject to resist an assault on himself. The sovereign cannot command the subject to not eat, breath, or use to medicine necessary to sustain his life. The subject does not have to incriminate himself. The subject does not have obeyed any of the commands that the sovereign that are dangerous or dishonorable. There are cases where the subject does not have to fight in a war for the sovereign. One is when the subject provides a substitute, if the subject is of a womanly nature. The guilty man does not have to submit to death while free. If there is not a law forbidden an action any subject can do it. If the sovereign demands money or land the subject may demand a judgment from impartial party. A sovereign cannot demand something based on a formal law. Obligation to the sovereign last as long as the he is in power. If a subject’s means of prosperity or taken prisoner of war are taken from him by a foreign power he has the right to accept any condition to regain what was lost to him. If a person is imprisoned by a country that they are at war with the cab do whatever necessary to escape. If a subject is banned he no longer has to listen to rules. If a sovereign loses a war his subjects become the victors. |
| From Rousseau what is the sovereign? | The sovereign can be composed of any many members as there are forces in the assembly. |
| Magistrate / government? | I call then government, or supreme administration, the legitimate exercise of the executive power, and prince or magistrate the man or the body entrusted with that administration. |
| What is the general will? | The general will is directed toward the common good. Will of all. The will of the sovereign of the people as expressed in the legislator. |
| What is the particular will? | A particular will is an individual will. |
| What is the will of all? | The sum of the individual wills equals the general will. |
| Corporate will ( a.k.a will of the magistrate/government? | mmmmmmmmmmmm |
| How can a person be forced to be free? | A person can be forced to be free if he does not follow the general will. Free from having to rely on oneself. |
| Explain: In obeying the general will, we obey only ourselves? | mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm |
| How can we determine what the general will is? Why are factions so dangerous? | The general will ins not equal to the will of all. The general will tends to be the common good. The will of an aggregate of the private wills. Factions are dangerous because if they do not equal the power then that is not good for the general will. If there are factions there should be lots of them but so that both factions and power can be equal. The sovereign assembly does not want factions. |
| What basic types of governments does Rousseau mention? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? | Democracy, aristocracy, monarchy, mixed. Democracy has an advantage when it comes to taxes. Disadvantages of democracy are it’s subjected to civil war and internal agitations. Aristocracy advantages are there is a distinction between the government and the sovereign. More efficient then democracy because the wisest are elected to positions for elective aristocracy. A disadvantage of Aristocracy is that it only works on a medium size country. It requires more virtue of its leaders. Monarchy advantages are there is one will. The leader does not have to be virtuous. Monarchy disadvantage is the size of the state must fit the king. This means that the state must expand or contract with each new reign. Another disadvantage is lack of a continuous line of succession. If a king dies and has no off spring there will turmoil. Monarchy is subjected to the worse taxes. One cannot be successful taught how to be king. Mixed disadvantages are the distribution of power must be equal otherwise there is no unity in the government. If part of a mixed governments breaks down then the whole system is stalled. Advantage is if the government falls behind on its responsibilities tribunals can pick up the slack. The weakness in a mixed government is reduced. |
| What is civil religion? | mmmmmmmmmmmmmm |
| Who are the bourgeoisie? | They are the class of modern capitalist who work the capital for their own means of production. |
| Who are the Proletariat? | These are the wage labors that do not have a means of production of their own and sell their labor in order to earn a wage. |
| What is capital? | It is those thing that one needs to produce raw material |
| What are the instruments of production? | Instruments of production are the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. |
| What are the relations of production? | mmmmmmmmmmmmm |
| Wage-labor | A wage labor is a proletariat that offers his labor but does not have the means of production. He sells his labor. |
| What is the life of a proletariat like? | Modern working class, they sell their labor to earn a wage, they are exploited, the hours worked increases and the wage decreases. |
| Explain the condition for capital is wage labor (117). | The essential conditions for the existence and for the sway of the bourgeois class are the formation and augmentation of capital; the condition for capital is wage-labor. Wage-labor rests exclusively on competition between the laborers. |
| Explain what the bourgeoisie…produces; above all, it is its own gravediggers (117). | By increasing industry the bourgeoisie bring together the poor, which in return the poor come together and they become a force to be reckoned with. |
| What is Marx’s primary critique of non- communist socialist literatures and movements? | He says that federal socialism only seeks to go back tom earlier economics. Conservative Bourgeoisie seeks to maintain the status quo. Critical utopian socialist communism is not grounded in the connection of historical reality. The applied principles do not match the historical change. While the principles may be valid the application of the principles need to change. |
