| A | B |
|---|
| bucca | cheeks |
| functions of the tongue | move food around, help make sounds |
| glands located in front of the ear | parotid glands |
| glands located under the front part of the tongue | sublingual salivary glands |
| function of saliva | break down food when chewed |
| gums | gingiva |
| four center teeth in an adult | incisors |
| four canine teeth | cuspids |
| grinding teeth | premolars and molars |
| location of hard palate | roof of mouth, in front and middle |
| location of soft palate | back of mouth |
| bolus | round lump of food that is swallowed |
| anatomical sturcture the keeps a bolus from accidentally going down the trachea | epiglottis |
| structure liquified food travels through to get to the stomach | esophagus |
| structre the bolus enters the stomach through | cardiac sphincter |
| structure the food leaves the stomach through | pyloric sphincter |
| what food mixes with in the stomach to digest it more | HCl acid, hydrochloric acid |
| muscular ring that opens and closes | sphincter |
| the three segments of the small intestines | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| where the ileum attaches to the large intestine | cecum |
| where the appendix is located | close to the cecum |
| medical term for colon | large intestine |
| where the hepatic flexure is located | right side near the liver |
| where the splenic flexure is located | left side near the spleen |
| segments of the large intestine | ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon |
| between the sigmoid colon and the anus, it stores stool until defecated | rectum |
| muscular structure that retains stool, releases stool | anus |
| location of the liver | RUQ under the diaphragm, beneath the ribs |
| functions of the liver | helps digest food, break down medications and poisons, helps with blood clotting |
| purpose of the gallbladder | stores and concentrates bile |
| structure the bile passes through from the liver and gall bladder to get to the small intestine | common bile duct |
| where in the small intestine the bile enters | duodenum |
| location of the spleen | between the stomach and the diaphragm |
| function of the spleen | helps form new blood cells, and destroy old worn out blood cells |
| substances produced by the pancreas | digestive enzymes and insulin |
| inflammation of the mouth | stomatitis |
| inflammation of the tongue | glossitis |
| inflammation of the stomach | gastritis |
| inflammation of the liver | hepatitis |
| inflammation of the pancreas | pancreatitis |
| inflammation of the gallbladder | cholecystitis |
| inflammation of the colon | colitis |
| swallowing air | aerophagia |
| belching | eructation |
| passing gas from the anus | flatus |
| indigestion | dyspepsia |
| eating too much | bulimia |
| eating too little | anorexia |
| difficulty swallowing | dysphagia |
| inability to swallow | aphagia |
| hematemesis | blood in vomit |
| hemorrhoids | distended veins in the rectum and anus |
| gastric/peptic ulcer | ulcer in the stomach |
| duodenal ulcer | ulcer in the duodenum |
| acute | starts suddenly, short duration |
| chronic | over time and changes little |
| perforated ulcer | ulcer that causes a hole through the organ wall |
| organism that causes 80% of all gastric ulcers | helicobacter or H. pylori |
| hiatal hernia | hole in diaphragm that the stomach can push up through into the chest cavity |
| inguinal hernia | abdominal contents can break through the abdominal wall in a weak spot in the groin area. |
| unbilical hernia | abdominal contents can protrude through the naval |
| possibility with a chronic, untreated hernia | intestine can get twisted and gangrenous |
| diarrhea | stool that keeps flowing through and out. |
| volvulus | bowel that twists on itself |
| intussusception | bowel that folds back on itself |
| surgical treatment for volvulus and intussusception | bowel resection |
| dehiscence | breaking open/rupture of sutured wound |
| evisceration | wound breaks open and abdominal contents spill out |
| diverticulosis | formation of diverticuli/ outpouchings in the colon |
| piles | hemorrhoids |
| rectocele | rectal muscles are weak and the rectum protrudes into the vagina |
| cirrhosis | disease of the liver, formation of dense, yellow, fatty tissue in the liver |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| jaundice | yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes, used to be called icterus |
| enlargement of the liver | hepatomegaly |
| gall stones | cholelithiasis |
| enzyme produced by pancreas when it is inflammed | trypsin |
| how antacids work | by mixing with stomach acid and neutralyzing it |
| inflammation of the esophagus caused by backflow of stomach acid | reflux esophagitis |
| medications that work by calming the GI tract | antispasmodic |
| medications that work by reducing nausea and vomiting | antiemetic |
| medications that work by reducing diarrhea | antidiarrheal |
| medications that are mild and work to loosen stool, increase muscle contractions of the bowel and produce a BM | laxative |
| medications that are strong and are designed to thoroughly clean out the GI tract | cathartics/purgatives |
| medication type that is administered to induce vomiting | emetic |
| what a serum bilirubin test measures | the amount of bile |
| destruction of blood cells due to some disorder | hemolysis |
| hidden blood, unseen in emesis and/or bowel movement | occult |
| white chalky substance used in radiographic procedures | barium |
| xray of bile ducts from the liver and gall bladder to the duodenum using dye | cholangiogram |
| x-ray of the gall bladder using dye | cholecystogram |
| procedures that allow the doctor to see the internal gi tract | endoscopic procedures |
| surgical repair of hernia | herniorrhaphy |
| making an opening into the stomach through the abdominal wall | gastrostomy |
| removal of a stone in a bile duct by cutting into the duct | choledocholithotomy |
| surgical removal of the tongue | glossectomy |
| test examining the esophagus with a lighted tube | esphagoscopy |
| surgical removal of a lobe of the liver | hepatic lobectomy |
| artificial opening of the colon to the outside on the abdomen | colostomy |
| surgical repair or plastic surgery of the mouth | stomatoplasty |
| incision into the muscle at the end of the stomach to widen the opening | pyloromyotomy |
| surgically connecting 2 hollow tubes or organs together | anastomosis |
| sugical anastamosis of the esophagus to the end of the jejunum | esphagojejunostomy |
| operation into the abdomen | laparotomy |
| QOD | every other day |
| QD | every day |
| twice a day | BID |
| three times a day | TID |
| four times a day | QID |
| at nighttime | H.S. |
| ac | before meals |
| pc | after meals |
| prn | as needed |
| immediately | Stat |
| by mouth | po |
| nothing by mouth | npo |
| bowel movement | BM |
| barium enema | BaE or BE |
| TPN | total parenteral nutrition, all nutrition is given to the person by IV, parenterally |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| pyloric stenosis | sphincter is too narrow to allow food and fluids to exit normally |
| pilonidal cyst | sac that devolops in a depression of skin in the sacral or coccyx areas |
| gastroenterologist | doctor who specializes in stomach and intestine disorders |
| proctologist | doctor who specializes in rectum and anus disorders |
| the muscular wavelike motion that moves intestinal contents along the tract | peristalsis |
| refers to the anus | anal |
| refers to the abdominal cavity/ belly | celiac |
| membrane that covers the abdominal organs and cavity | peritoneal |
| refers to the sigmoid | sigmoidal |
| incision into the small intestine | enterotomy |
| incision into one of the sphincters | sphincterotomy |
| surgical removal of the spleen | splenectomy |
