| A | B |
|---|
| BMI | body weight in kg and height in meters squared. m/kg^2 |
| BMI classification | Underweight <18.5 kg/m2 ;Normal 18.6-24.9 kg/m2 ; Overweight 25-29.9 kg/m2 ;Class 1 obesity 30-34.9 kg/m2; Class 2 obesity 35-39.9 kg/m2 ; Class 3 obesity >40 kg/m2 |
| standard error of measurement for BMI | +/- 6% fat |
| standard error of measurement for skinfold measurement | +/- 3.5% |
| standard error of measurement for girth and waist-to-hip ratios | +/- 4% |
| Android-obesity: | • fat is deposited in the upper trunk and in abdomen (apple) |
| Gynoid obesity: | • fat is deposited in the femoral-glutal region (pear) |
| age related factors to overweight | • A. a loss of muscle mass and strength after 40s • B. loss associated with weakness, disability and morbidity • C. corresponding increase in body weight • D. typical in industrialized societies • E. can be improved with lifestyle changes |
| SES. effects? Costs | Effects o Low SES associated with obesity o Disparities are declining • costs o healthy foods a cost burden to low SES o low income families ($14,621 + $5, 041 for each family member) have to devote 43-70% of its food budget to fruits and vegetables to meet 2005 dietary guidelines) o possible solutions: reducing prices, offering incentives and changing attitudes about desirability of fruits and vegetables |
| psychological factors related to obesity | • Eating as a coping mechanism for stress • differs from other coping options (e.g. smoking, drinking, gambling, exercise) as we have to eat • other alternatives o eating healthy (amount and type of calorie) o regular PA (not addictive) o social supports (formal and informal) |
| commercial approaches for weight management | provide eating and activity counseling for groups and individuals and often involve group support. programs vary so check up on credibility A. examine the training and education of the staff • B. risks of products or program • C. Costs • D. Success and failure rates for at least one year |
| pharmaceutical approaches; appetite suppressants | . appetite suppressants: manipulate chemicals in the brain and make you feel full o 1. for people with BMI>30 o 2. for ppl with BMI>27 + obesity related condition (high BP, diabetes, dyslipidemia) o 3. side effects: sleeplessness, nervouseness, increases in heart rate and blood pressure. |
| surgical options to weight management | • gastrointestinal or bariatric surgery • 1. for people with BMI>40 • 2. for ppl with BMI between 35-39.9 + obesity-related health problems • 3. an option when other interventions have been unsuccessful • 4. restrict the amount of food that can be consumed & the amount of calires and nutrients the body can absorb • 5. weight loss can be dramatic and rapid • 6. long-term maintenance depends on adoption of new lifestyle behaviors. 7side effects. • 8. expensive (average cost in US is $27,500 and does not include body contouring costs) |
| low fat diet | • 1. dietary guidelines for Americans (2005) recommends total fat intake between 20-35% of total calories • 2. very low-fat diets even more restrictive (e.g. pritkin and ornish diets) recommend total fat intake between 5-10% of total calories • 3. encourages consumption of larger amounts of whole grains, fruits and vegetables • 4. generally not harmful |
| novelty diet | • 1. fall into the ‘gimmick’ category • 2. focus on one food or food group (e.g. the grapefruit diet) • 3. becomes boring, frustrating and then quit |
| very low calorie diet | • 1. used to treat severe obesity (BMI>30) + an obesity related disease (type 2 diabetes) • 2. medically supervised with medically prepared diets. • 3. when combined with behavior therapy, PA, and active follow-up treatment are very effective for moderately to severely obese. |
| anorexia nervosa | • 1. Personality disorder; • 2. Extreme fear of becoming obese and an aversion to eating; • 3. Life-threatening weight loss • 4. Disturbed body image • 5. Hyperactivity • 6. Amenorrhea |
| bulimia nervosa | • 1. Chronic, morbid disorder • 2. Binge eating followed by purging a. self-induced vomiting b. laxatives, diuretics, fasting c. vigorous exercise ??!! |
| side effects of surgical interventions | 7. side effects: rapid emptying into small intestine; nausea; vomiting; dizziness; cramping and diarrhea; vitamin and mineral deficiency; dehydration; gallstones; blood clots; hypoglycemia; incisional hernia and death |
| ses. what is and combination of what? | The relative position attained by an individual in a cultural and financial hierarch • a combination of o 1. Education o 2. Income o occupation o wealth • |
| influences of SES | influences o access to resources o knowledge of nutrition, PA and Health o food choices o interest o availability o cost o PA @ work and during leisure time |
| pharm approach; Fat-absorption inhibitors: | inhibit the absorption of fat o 1. xenical (orlistat) currently the only approve inhibitor in the U.S. o 2. blocks about 30% of fat from being absorbed and is eliminated by defecation o 3. side effects: cramps, gas, oily stool; inability to control bowel movements o 4. reduces the absorption of vitamins A,D,E and K-may have to take a vitamin supplement concurrently o 5. heart valve damage from Redux (fen-phen) |
