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| Vertebrates are a _________ of the phylum Chordata. | "subphylum" |
| List four chracteristics common to all chordates. | 1) notochord 2) dorsal hollow nerve cord 3) pharyngeal pouches 4) post-anal tail |
| Define: Notochord | "is a stiff rod of tissue along the back of the body. In vertebrates, the backbone is deposited around the notochord and nerve cord" |
| Define: Pharyngeal Pounches | "Paired embryonic structures formed that lead to the eventual formation of 'gills'" |
| List three characteristics that distinguish vetebrates from other chordates. | 1) have vertebrae 2) have cranium 3) have endoskeleton |
| Jaws are thought to have developed from _________. | "gill arch" |
| _______ are the most numerous and wide spread of all the vertebrates | "Fishes" |
| Are freshwate fish "hypertonic" or "hypotonic" to their environment? | "hypotonic" |
| Are saltwater fish "hypertonic" or "hypotonic" to their enviroment? | "hypertonic" |
| Do Jawless Fish have scales? | "No" |
| Jawless Fish have skeleton that is composed of _______? | "cartilage" |
| Are Jawless Fish's notochord retained throughout their life? | "Yes" |
| What do the Chondrichthyes and Jawless Fish have in common? | "they both do not have real bones" |
| How do the Chondrichthyes and Jawless Fish differ? | "Chondrichthyes have 'jaws'" |
| What type of scales do sharks have? | "placoid" |
| The torpedo shaped body of a shark is called a _______ body shape. | "fusifrom" |
| The mouth of a typical shark has _______ to _______rows of teeth. | "6 to 20" |
| How can you tell rays from skates? | "Rays have 'diamonded shaped bodies' and Skates have 'flattened shaped' bodies" |
| What are the "spiracles" and why do rays need them? | "Spiracles are 2 large opening on the head and rays need them to let in water" |
| De sharks have internal or external fertilization? | "internal" |
| Do Sharks lay eggs? | "No" |
| Of all the known species of fish, about _______% are bony fish. | "95%" |
| Do all bony fish have a swim bladder? | "No" |
| List and describe the two main types of bony fish. | They are: 1) Lobe-finned Fish - a group of bony fishes with paired rounded fins; 2) Ray-finned Fish - no regular fins; have a central bony axis; fins are supported by long segments of flexible bony rays. |
| Do any of the bony fish have lungs? | "Yes" |
| A _______ fish is thought to be the ancestor to amphibians. | "a Lobe-finned Fish" |
| What do you call the covering that protects the gills of fish? | "operculum" |
| Give the function of each of the following: 1) Caudal; 2) Doral and Anal; 3) Pectoral and Polvis | 1) Caudal - speed; 2) Dorsal and Anal - keep balance; 3) Pectoral and Pelvic - Navigation fins |
| What is the purpose of the "circulatory system"? | "To deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body and carry away wastes from the cells" |
| What do you call the vessels that carry blood away from the heart? | "Arteries" |
| What do you call vessels that carry blood to the heart? | "Veins" |
| The two(2) main chambers of the fish heart are _______ and _______. | "Atrium"; "Ventrical" |
| Describe what is meant by "countercurrent" in a fish. | "It causes more oxygen to enter the blood than would be possible; this enhances the difussion of oxygen into the fish because the blood and water flow in opposite directions" |
| Describe the swim bladder and state its purpose? | "The 'swim bladder' is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy, and thus to stay at the current water depth without having to waste energy in swimming." |
| Do fish have sperate sexes? | "Yes" |
| Do all bony fish have external fertilization? | "No" |
| Why is laying a large number of eggs and adaption of some fish? | "Inorder for their specie to survive, because their young were easy prey for predators who consumed a high percentage of their young, the adaption to 'eggs', which could be in -produced in larger numbers than the young nutured internally, there would be a greater chance for enough of the young to survice, grow into adulthood, and reproduce; therefore, providing for the survival of their specie." |
| Do all fish lay eggs? | "No" |
| Define: Milt | "'Milt' is sperm" |
| Define: Roe | "'Roe' are fish eggs" |
| Describe and list examples: Myxini | "they are elongated fish; eel-like; lack jaws: Example: Hagfish" |
| Describe and list examples: Cephalaspidomorphi | "they lack jaws; they retain their 'notocord' throughout their life: Example: Lampreys" |
| Describe and list examples: Chondrichthyes | "they have jaws and paired fins; their skeleton is made of cartriage; Examples: Sharks; Rays; Stingrays; Sawfish" |
| Describe and list examples: Actinopterygii | "they have skeleton made of bone; have jaws; have fins: Example: Sturgeons " |
| Describe and list examples: Sarcopterygii | "They have fins supported by main axis bone; of fleshy-finned or lobe-finned fishes: Example: Lungfish" |
| Describe and list examples: Amphibians | "they are 'tin skinned'; have a mostly-bone skeleton; no scales; have 'gills'; can breathe in and out of the water; most lay eggs; are 4,800 different species: Examples: Salemanders; Frogs; Toads" |
| Describe and list examples: Reptilians | "they are characterized by breathing air, a "cold-blooded" (poikilothermic) metabolism, laying tough-shelled amniotic eggs (or retaining the same membrane system in species with live birth), and skin with scales or scutes: Examples: Crocodiles; Snakes; Lizards" |
| Describe and list examples: Aves | "these are 'birds'; they have 'hallow bone'; have 'feathers'; they are 'warm blooded'; lay eggs: Examples: Eagles; Pigeons; Blue Jays" |
| Describe and list examples: Mammalia | "they are warm blooded; they are air-breathing animals whose females are characterized by the possession of 'mammary glands' while both males and females are characterized by sweat glands, hair and/or fur, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in the brain; internal fertization; internal gestation and birth: Examples: Humans; Dogs; Horses" |
| How do Hagfish differ from Lampreys? | "the Lamprey has no separate sexes and is known as 'hermaphrodite' - the Hagfish has seperate sexes" |
| What are villi, where are they located and what is their "purpose"? | "What: they are tiny sac-like structures; Where: intestines; Purpose: the absorbtion of food and nutrients into the blood stream" |
| Define: Ovovipariouses | "reproductive method in which the embryos are nourished by a 'yolk sac' with in the mother" |
| Define: Oviparous | "reproductive method that involves laying eggs" |
| One of two of the common types of "scales" found in boney fish? | "ctenoids" |
| What is anterior to the gill arch and remove particles from the water as it passes of the gills? | "filaments" |
| What connects the pharynx to the stomach? | "esophagus" |
| One of two types of "paired fins" found in fish? | "Pelvic Fin" |
| What is the proper term for the internal skeleton? | "endoskeleton" |
| What is the term for the inner ear of fish and sharks? | "labyrinth" |
| What is a "diamond fish" of the Chondrichthyes? | "Rays" |
| What is the modified fin on male sharks used to transfer sperm? | "Clasper" |
| What is a subphylum of Tunicates (Sea Squits)? | "Urochordata" |
| What is in the eye of fish that is used for"night vision"? | "Rods" |
| What are the vessels that transport materials to and from the blood stream? | "capillaries" |
| What is the process called where oxygen is taken into the body and is combusted to produce energy? | "respiraton" |
