| A | B |
|---|
| Bull Market | Period of rising stock prices |
| Bear Market | Period of declining stock prices |
| Buying on Margin | Purchasing stocks on credit with borrowed money |
| Bonus Army | Group of army veterans who marched on Washington |
| Brain Trust | Group of experts who helped Roosevelt develop a plan |
| New Deal | Series of programs designed to help the U.S. economy |
| Sit-Down Strike | Method of protest where workers would stay in factories but refuse to work |
| FDIC-SEC | Organizations that were started to help banks |
| AAA-FCA | Organizations designed to help farmers keep their farms |
| CCC-CWA-WPA | Organizations that gave people jobs building roads and airport |
| Social Security Act | Helped the elderly, children, people with disabilities |
| Herbert Hoover | President who didn't believe governments should help individual people |
| Franklin Roosevelt | President who set up the New Deal |
| Huey Long | La. Senator who wanted the "Share the Wealth" plan to provide everyone the same income |
| Father Charles E. Coughlin | Wanted the government to help the poor and nationalize industries |
| Alfred E. Landon | Kansas governor who ran against Roosevelt in 1936 election |
| kamikaze | Japanese practice of crashing planes into Allied ships |
| Enola Gay | plane that dropped the bomb |
| island hopping | plan to capture some Japanese held islands in Pacific and go around others |
| Andrew Higgins | created the boats for theD-day invastion and others amphibious invasions of WWII |
| Dwight Eisenhower | SAC-ETO, led the D day invasion |
| Harry Truman | president that made the decision to use atomic bomb |
| FDR | only president to win a third term |
| Yalta | secret conference where the Big 3 made decision about Europe after the war |
| Hiroshima | city where the first atomic bomb was dropped |
| Bataan | peninsula in the Philippines where American and Filipino soldiers were forced to walk 65 miles; 10000 of them died |
| Luftewaffe | German airforce |
| RAF | British airforce |
| Operation Torch | code name for the Allied invasion of North Africa |
| Operation Overlord | code name for the cross channel invasion of France |
| Manhattan Project | secret name for the atomic bomb project |
| eugenics | Nazi policy of selective breeding |
| euthanasia | policy of killing life deemed "unworthy of life" |
| Gen. Douglas MacArthur | led Allied troops in the Pacific; vowed "I shall return" |
| J Robert Oppenheimer | led the project to develop the Atomic bomb |
| Auchwitz | Nazi death camp that killed the most people |
| Nagasaki | Japanese city that was bombed just before Japan's surrender |
| VE Day | day after Germany surrendered |
| VJ Day | day that Japan surrendered |
| Battle of the Bulge | last German offensive;Germany was defeated |
| Midway | important naval victory for Americans; turning point in the war |
| Iwo Jima | hard fought battle depicted by monument in DC and a famous picture of the men raising the flag on Mt. Surabachi |
| D-Day | June 6.1944 |
| typhus | disease carried by body lice |
| typhoid | disease transmitted by contaminated drinking water |
| Guadalcanal | important land victory for the US |
| Okinawa | Am. captured this island and were then poised to invade the mainland |
| United Nations | organization that was created as a result of WWII |
| rationing | established fixed allotments of goods deemed essentioal for the military |
| Chester Nimitz | led US naval troops at Midway |
| Anne Frank | wrote a diary while in hiding; died at Bergen Belsen work camp |
| Einsatzgruppen | German mobile killing units |
| internment camps | where Japanese Americans were forced to go during World War II |
| concentration camps | where Jews, Homosexuals, and Jehovah Witnesses were sent |
| Coral Sea | naval battle where United States troops forced Japanese to use too much fuel and halted their advancement toward Australia |
| Stalingrad | battle that halted German advancement into the Soviet Union; huge losses on both sides |
| Navajo | used as code talkers during World War II |
| Nissei | Japanese Americans born in the US |
| Nuremberg Trials | Tribunal that tried Nazi leaders for war crimes |
| Kristallnacht | name given to the night when Nazis in Germany attacked Jews, their businesses, and their synagogues |
| nativism | favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people |
| isolationism | opposition to political and economic entanglements with other countries |
| communism | an economic and political system based on one-party government and state ownership of property |
| red scare | panic in the U.S. after the Russian government was overthrown by Vladimir Lenin and his revolutionaries (Bolsheviks)...fear that communism would replace capitalism |
| anarchists | a person who opposes all forms of government |
| A. Mitchell Palmer | U.S. Attorney General that orders all suspected communists, anarchists, and socialist be jailed or deported |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | arrested, charged, convicted, and executed for robbery and murder in 1920--reason: Italian and radical, no hard evidence of guilt |
| Ku Klux Klan (KKK) | hate group that had 4.5 million members by 1924 and used the red scare as an excuse for their criminal activities |
| quota system | Emergency Quota Act of 1921 put limits on the number of people that could enter the U.S. from each country |
| Boston Police Strike | Calvin Coolidge, the governor of Massachusetts at the time, ended this event by sending in the National Guard |
| Coal Miners' Strike | example of the positive effects of unions for workers when they were given 27% wage increase |
| John L. Lewis | leader of the Coal Miners Union in 1919 (United Mine Workers of America) |
| Warren G. Harding | winner of the 1920 presidential election, "looked like a president ought to look" |
| Charles Evans Hughes | member of Harding's cabinet (Secretary of State) that urged no more warships be built for 10 years |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | In 1928, 15 countries sign this, renouncing war as a national policy |
| Fordney-McCumber Tariff | 1922 policy which raised taxes on U.S. imports by 60% which protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition |
| Ohio Gang | Harding's group of poker-playing cronies that became members of his cabinet and were involved in scandalous activities |
| Teapot Dome scandal | Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall's secret leasing of oil-rich public land to private companies in return for money and land |
| Albert B. Fall | member of Harding's cabinet that was involved in scandalous activity of oil reserves in Wyoming |
| Calvin Coolidge | became President of the U.S. in 1923 following Harding's sudden death and supported business |
| Henry Ford | creator of the automobile and the assembly line which both have lasting effects today |
| urban sprawl | unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions (urbanization of cities) |
| superficial prosperity | a false sense of wealth through the accumulation of many material items that have been purchased using credit |
| installment plan | this allowed consumers to buy goods over an extended period of time without having to put much money down at the time of purchase |
| price supports | federal program to guarantee prices for farm products |
| credit | an arrangement in which consumers buy now and pay later for purchases |
| Alfred E. Smith | Democrat candidate for president in 1928, lost to Herbert Hoover |
| Dow Jones Industrial Average | measure of stock market health based on 30 representative large companies |
| speculation | buying stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit |
| buying on margin | paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest |
| Black Tuesday | October 29, 1929 the stock market crash |
| Great Depression | period from 1929 to 1940 in which the economy crashed and unemployment rose to historic heights |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff | established the highest tariff in US history to date |
| shantytown | little towns consisting of shacks |
| soup kitchens | offered free or low cost food to the unemployed and poort |
| bread lines | lines of people waiting for free food from charitable organizations |
| Dust Bowl | area of dust storms caused by drought, erosion and poor conservation practices in Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma and New Mexico |
| direct relief | cash payments or food provided by the government to the poor |
| Herbert Hoover | self-made man elected president in 1928 |
| Boulder Dam | dam on the Colorado River, built to provide water and electricity to a growing West |
| Federal Home Loan Bank Act | lowered mortgage rates and allowed farmers to refinance their debts |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) | approved emergency financing for banks, insurance companines and other large companies |
| Bonus Army | WWI veterans who marched on Washington to pressure Congress to give promised bonus money early |
| Alfred E Smith | Democratic presidential candidate in 1928 |
| speculation | investment in high risk ventures |
| buying on the margin | Buying stock by paying only a portion of the full cost up-front with promises to pay the rest later |
| Black Tuesday | October 29,1929, the day stock market crashed |
| Great Depression | Period of bad economic times in the US that lasted from 1929 to 1941 |
| Dow Jones Industrial Average | index of stock prices of select companies |
| Hawley Smoot Tariff Act | Law that raised taxes on imports and worsened the Depression |
| Dust Bowl | Area of the Great Plains made worthless for farming by drought and dust storms in the 1930's |
| shantytown | a neighborhood where people live in shacks |
| soup kitchen | Place where free food is served to the needy |
| bread line | a line of people waiting for free food |
| direct relief | money or food given directly from the govt to the needy |
| Herbert Hoover | republican nominee in 1928, 31st president |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation | Agency establish in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses , insurance companies and bank |
| Bonus Army | unemployed WWI veterans who marched to Washington to demand their bonuses |
| drought | a long period of unusually low rainfall |
| economic cycles | periods of good times, or prosperity, alternating with periods of economic hard times |
| foreclosure | the taking of mortgaged property by the lender because the borrower cannot make the payemnts on the loan |
| Great Plain | a large flat area of west-central US originally covered by a type of grass that does not need much rain and that has strong roots which hold the soil in place |
| mortgage | payments made to pay back the loan used to buy a house or land |
| bull market | when the stock market is increasing |
| bear market | when t the stock market is decreasing |
| Rugged Individualism | Hoover's theory that people should work on their own to overcome hardship |
| Boulder Dam | work project begun under Hoover's Administration |
| Hoovervilles | shantytowns named after president |
| credit | promise to pay something later |
| Franklin Roosevelt | believed the government must get involved in the economy because it was a time of emergency |
| Herbert Hoover | believed if the government becomes involved in the economy it would eventually destroy our freedoms |
| part of the New Deal Coaltion | racial minorities, liberal farm groups & intellectuals |
| Lone Ranger | popular radio show which served as an escape during the Depression |
| bank failures | resulted from too many people withdrawing their money all at once |
| Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? | song which represents the Great Depression |
| bull market | when stock prices continue to rise |
| soup kitchens | private charities set up to give the poor a meal |
| installment buying | buying on credit |
| foreclose | when creditors take possession of property |
| margin call | brokers can issue these in order to protect loans made by stockbrokers to investors |
| Dust Bowl | starting in 1932 this is how you could describe the Great Plains apstures & wheat fields |
| relief | Hoover believed that only state & city governments should dole this out |
| bank runs | many depositors withdrawing money at once |
| shantytowns | communities of makeshift shacks |
| New Deal | Roosevelts policies during the Great Depression |
| farmers | the hardest hit during the Depression |
| Schechter v. U.S. | Supreme Court case that struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | First Lady who helped bring about change for African Americans & women |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | covered people's savings in banks against loss |
| Huey Long | Louisiana Senator who championed the downtrodden but built a powerful & corrupt political machine |
| hobos | unemployed Americans who wandered the country on railroads or by hitchhiking |
| Herbert Hoover | this Republican won the presidential election of 1928 |
| Black Tuesday | this term refers to the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 |
| Dow Jones Industrial Average | name of the most widely used measure of the stock market's health |
| buying on the margin | refers to paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest |
| speculation | this term refers to making extremely risky business transactions on the cance of making quick or considerable profit |
| credit | this is an arrangement in which consumers agree to buy now an dpay later for pruchases, often on an installment plan that includes interests charges |
| Hoovervilles | name given to shantytowns during the Great Depression |
| shantytown | cardboard "villages" where homeless people lived on the outskirts of big cities during the Great Depression |
| Dust Bowl | this caused a migration of people, mainly farmers, moving from states like Oklahoma and Arkansas, to the western US |
| stock | the term "buying on the margin" refers to a risky way of buying this |
| Herbert Hoover | calling their shantytowns "Hoovervilles" people coveyed their disgust with this man |
| Federal Home Loan Bank Act | its main purpose was to prevent farmers and homeowners from losing their property |
| Bonus Army | consisted of WWI veterans and their families |
| Glass-Steagall Banking Act | this established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), with the greater goal of restoring public confidence in the banking system |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | created by the Federal Securities Act |
| FDIC | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation |
| Federal Emergency Relief Administration | provided direct relief int he form of food and clothing to the neediest people hit by the Depression--the unemployed, the aged, and the ill |
| Tennessee Valley Authority | this helped to create propsperity in a poverty-stricken region by providing funds to build and repair dams, flood-control projects, and power plants |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act | this paid farmers to lower production and, in some cases, to destroy crops, with the greater goal of raising crop prices and farm income |
| Civilian Conservation Corps | this put almost 3 million young men to work building roads, developing parks, and helping in soil-erosion and flood-control projects |
| Federal Securities Act | this required corporations to provide complete information on all stock offerings, withthe greater goal of restoring public confidence in the stock market |
| Emergency Banking Relief Act | this authorized the Treasury Department to inspect banks and to close those that were unsound, with the greater goal of restoring public confidence in the banking system |
| National Industrial Recovery Act | this created an administration that set fair prices on many products and established labor standards, with the greater goal of ensuring fair business practices and promoting industrial growth |
| Richard Wright | in his classic novel, "Native Son", he depicts the difficulties faced by a yound man trying to survive in a racist world |
| The Grapes of Wrath | this classic novel by John Steinbeck focuses on the difficulties faced by people who, forced off the Great Plains during the Dust Bowl, move to California |
| John Steinbeck | wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" |
| Gone with the Wind | one of the most popular movies of all time, this sweeping drama about life among Southern plantation owners during the Civil War starred Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable |
| Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable | movie stars who appeared in "Gone with the Wind" |
| Orson Welles | this actor, director, producer, and writer created one of the most famous radio broadcasts of all time, "The War of the Worlds", and direct the movie classic, "Citizen Kane" |
| Social Security Act | this provides for an old-age insurance program |
| Social Security Act | this provides for an unemployment compensation program |
| Social Security Act | this provides programs that aid needy families with children and the needy disabled |
| National Labor Relations Board | created under the Wagner Act, this continues to act as a mediator in disputes between unions and employers |
| Securities and Exchange Commission | created in 1934, this continues to monitor the stock market and enforce laws regarding the sale of stocks and bonds |
| Tennessee Valley Authority | pollution was an unfortunate result of this program to promote flood control and build hydroelectric power plants |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | created through the Glass-Steagall Banking Act, this has shored up the banking system by protecting people's savings against loss in the event of a bank failure |
| Frances Perkins | first woman to serve as a cabinet member |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | first lady to FDR |
| FDR | Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt | President who used the "New Deal" to try to address the problems that cause the Great Depression |
| New Deal | FDR's economic package of relief, recovery, and reform |
| the 3 R's | relief, recovery, reform |
| Huey Long | he claimed that the New Deal policies failed to adequately help the common person and proposed a social program called "Share Our Wealth" |
| Fair Labor Standards Act | this set a national, minimum hourly wage, and prohibited factory labor for children under 16 years of age |
| Charles de Gaulle | famous French general and politician during World War II |
| Omar Bradley | commanded U.S. army during D-Day invasion |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | led Allied invasion of Europe and later became President |
| Adolph Hitler | most notorious figure of the 20th century |
| A.C. McAuliffe | one word response to Germans, "Nuts!" |
| Bernard Law Montgomery | British general |
| George S. Patton | "Compared to war,all other forms of human endeavor shrink to insignificance". |
| Erwin Rommel | displayed technical brilliance in North Africa |
| Neville Chamberlain | important British statesman |
| Chiang Kai Shek | Chinese military leader |
| Winston Churchill | led Great Britain during World War II |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | 32nd president of the U.S. |
| Stalin | Communist dictator of the U.S.S.R. |
| Clement Attlee | British politician, served Winston Churchill |
| Enrico Fermi | nuclear physicist who helped create A bomb |
| Francisco Franco | army chief-of-staff for Spain |
| Joseph Goebbels | Nazi leader |
| Herman Goring | commander of German air force |
| Heinrich Himmler | took control of the Gestapo |
| Emperor Hirohito | Japanese emperor who claimed divinity |
| Maj. Gen. Curtis LeMay | commanded many U.S. bomber squadrons |
| Douglas MacArthur | supreme commander of Allied war effort in the Pacific |
| Gen George Marshall | given Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for his contributions to Post War Europe |
| Marshall Philippe Petain | French military leader |
| Joachim von Ribbentrop | Hitler's foreign minister |
| Hideki Tojo | later executed by his own country |
| Yamamoto | commander-in-chief of Japanese navy |
| James Flagg | Poster Illustrator |
| Jeannette Rankin | First US Congresswoman |
| Herbert Hoover | Head of Food Adminstration |
| Woodrow Wilson | US President |
| Eugene Debs | Socialist Leader |
| David Lloyd George | Prime Minister of Great Britain |
| Arthur Zimmerman | German Foreign Minister |
| Vittorio Orlando | Itialian Premier |
| George Clemenceau | French Premier |
| U-Boat | German Submarine |
| Lusitania | British passenger ship |
| William Jennings Bryan | US Secretary of State |
| Zimmerman Telegram | Message sent from Germany to Mexico |
| Pancho Villa | Lead raids of American towns |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | Leader of Austria-Hungary that was murdered |
| Allies (start of WWI) | Great Britain, France, Russia |
| Central Powers (start of WWI) | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy |
| John J. Pershing | American General that lead the "doughboys" |
| Selective Service Act | Required men to age 21-30 to register fo the draft |
| Bolsheviks | group that overthrew the Russian gov't in 1917 |
| Doughboys | name given to American troops |
| April 6, 1917 | date that the US declared war on Germany |
| November 11, 1918 | date that Germany agreed to armistice (cease-fire) |
| Committee on Public Information (Creel Committee) | group in charge of raising American awareness about the war |
| George M. Cohan | wrote patriotic songs including, "Over There" |
| Uncle Sam | Figure used to depict the American Government |
| Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 | forbade US citizens from criticizing the gov't war policy or hindering wartime directives |
| Schenck vs. United States | Supreme Court ruled that should an individual's free speech present "clear and present danger" to others, the gov't could impose penalties |
| War Industries Board | established to coordinate productions of supplies and munitions needed for the war |
| Victory Gardens, Meatless Mondays, Wheatless Wednesdays, Daylight Savings Time | ways that Americans could participate at home in aiding the war effort |
| $110 billion | total cost of WWI to the American public |
| Income Tax | 16th Amendment to the Constitution which helped fund WWI |
| Fourteen Points | Wilson's plan for world peace following WWI |
| One | number of Wilson's Fourteen Points that were accepted by the Big 4 |
| Big 4 | Wilson(US), George(Great Britain), Orlando(Italy), Clemenceau(France) |
| Paris | location of the meeting of the Big 4 to determine the terms of peace |
| Alsace and Lorraine | French territories returned by Germany after WWI |
| League of Nations | Wilson's 14th Point that was accepted by the Big 4 but rejected by US Congress |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | Republican leader of the Senate that strongly opposed the League of Nations |
| Treaty of Versailles | document that was NOT ratified by the United States |
| Fascism | Political movement in both Italy and Spain during WWII, characterized by imperialism and nationalism - NOT COMMUNIST |
| Benito Mussolini | Leader of Fascist Italy and the Fascist Movement in Italy |
| Nazism - Nazi Party | Political movement - ideology of the Nazi party - NOT COMMUNISTS |
| National Socialist Party | Name of the Nazi Party |
| Adolf Hitler | Leader of Nazi Party and Chancellor of Germany, started WWII with the invasion of Poland, was responsible for the Holocaust |
| Regime | Period of Rule, the government during a specific time |
| Third Reich | German government under Hitler - means the 3rd Empire |
| Second Reich | German government after WWI and Before Hitler's government - Weimar Republic |
| Fuhrer | another term for leader - term Hilter used |
| Scapegoats | someone who is blamed for all the problem that take place - Hitler used the Jewish people as scapegoats |
| Demilitarized | to remove troops from an area |
| Appeasement | to give into an aggressor to prevent war - Munich Pact - one cause of WWII |
| Munich Conference | Conference where Hitler was given part of Czech in an effort to prevent futher aggression - example of appreasement |
| Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis | Alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan, its members later became known as the Axis Powers - the names used were the names of each counrties capital |
| Blitzkrieg | Lightening Warfare - method used by Germany |
| Winston Churchill | Prime minister of Great Britain after Neville Chamberlain, during WWII and at the end of the War |
| Nuremberg Laws | Restrictive laws which applied to Jewish people under Nazi Germany |
| "The Night of Broken Glass" | Nov. 9, 1938 violence against Jews and Jewish settlements all over the Third Reich, also known as Kristallnacht |
| Attack of Pearl Harbor | Act of aggression that lead to the US entering WWII and declaring war on Japan - December 7, 1941 - a Naval base in Hawaii was attacked |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) | President of the United States at the beginning of WWII |
| "D-Day" | June 6, 1944 - sea invasion by Allied troops of Normandy begins |
| Declaration of the United Nations | Resulted from the treaty that ended WWII - an internationsl peace keeping organization |
| A-Bomb | Atomic Bomb dropped on Japan that took many lives and brought an end to WWII on the Pacific Theatre |
| Pacific Theater | Site of fighting in the Pacific Ocean between Allied forces and Japan |
| European Theater | Site of fighting in the Europe between Allied forces and Axis forces |
| Island Hopping | War strategy used by the allied (US) forces in the Pacific front to win back islands taken by Japan in WWII |
| The Big Three at Yalta | Stalin - USSR (Russia); Churchill - Great Britain; Roosevelt - USA - decided how to divide reclaimed territory at the end of WWII |
| Yalta Conference | Conferences held during WWII by the allied powers to plan strategy and finally make decisions after the war ended |
| Satellite Nations | Countries liberated by USSR (Russia) during WWII that came under the Communist influence of the USSR |
| Nuremberg Trials | trials of war criminals after WWII - ensured that no one could use the defense of "just following orders" in referring to their actions in a war |
| Holocaust | terms that refers to the mass destruction of the Jewish people by Nazi Germany |
| Nationalism | strong feeling of pride and loyalty to one's country - one of the causes of WWI & WWII |
| Imperialism | the control of one area, nation or region by another - one of the causes of WWI & WWII |
| Worldwide Depression | One of the causes of WWII - downturn in the economy in the entire world caused by the stock market crash of 1929 in the US - high unemployment & inflation |
| Alliance System | One of the causes of WWII - system of mutual assistance where nations would go to the aid of the other members in the alliance if they were attacked in war - Axis Powers and the Allied Powers |
| Failure of the League of Nations | One of the causes of WWII - the league of nations did not act to prevent Germany's aggressive acts that led to WWII - it was weak due the fact that US and USSR had not joined and Grt. Britain & France were war torn |
| V-J Day | Victory in Japan - the war ended with Japan - Aug. 15, 1945 |
| V-E Day | Victory in Europe - the war ended with Germany - May 8, 1945 |
| Auschwitz | one the most infamous of the Nazi death Camps |
| Axis | refers to the Axis Powers - Germany, Italy and Japan alliance |
| Capitalism | economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for a profit |
| collective security | another way of saying an alliance system - joining together countries felt they were more safe from attack |
| DeGaulle | President of France during WWII |
| dictatorship | form of government where one person or party holds all the power and controls all aspects of the lives of the people |
| economic depression | downturn in the economy - stock market crash - price rise, wages decrease, unemployment is high |
| Eisenhower | during WWII he was in command of the US troops in the European theatre - later became the Pres. Of the US |
| Guadalcanal | the first defeat of the Japanese on land by the Allied forces |
| Hiroshima | city in Japan that the US dropped the first Atomic bomb on |
| inflation | the great increase in the amount of paper money in relation to the available good for sale, this situation leads to rising prices. |
| isolationism | policy of separation from others, not wanting to get involved with other counrties affairs |
| Iwo Jima | the bloodiest Marine Battle in the history at the time, it was the island Mid-way between the US naval bases and Japan - US victorious after 25 days of fighting - flag was raised on Iwo Jima |
| Kamikaze | Japanese pilot who takes on a suicide mission |
| Luftwaffe | Germany airforce |
| MacArthur | led the US forces in the Pacific |
| Midway Island | the site of the battle that became the turning point in the Pacific theatre |
| Nagasaki | city in Japan that the US dropped the second Atomic bomb on, caused the Emperor to surrender |
| Okinawa | last island battle for the US troops |
| Patton | General led the attack on Europe from Italy |
| Rome | Capital of Italy |
| socialism | a system in which the people as a whole, rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses |
| Stalin | Leader of USSR (Russia) from 1924-1954 - During WWII - attended the Yalta Conference |
| Stalingrad | city in USSR where the Germans surrendered to the Russians |
| Tojo | leader of Japan |
| totalitarian | a government where all aspects of the citizens lives are controlled by that government |
| Truman | Pres. Of the US at the end WWII - he was responsible to having the A-Bomb dropped |
| Bataan Death March | foreced march of US (allied) POW's by their captures where many were beaten and killed along the way |
| Yamamoto | Japanese commander of the Japanese fleet |
| Archduke Francis Ferdinand | his death "sparked" war |
| Imperialism | when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation |
| Militarism | build up of the military/preparation for war |
| Nationalism | pride in your own culture/desire for statehood |
| Convoy | naval method of protecting supplies with destroyers |
| Allies | Britain, France,Russia, Serbia |
| U-boat | Submarine--German |
| Autocrats | Absolute rulers |
| Sussex Pledge | Germany won't use U-boats without warning |
| Zimmerman note | Germany give land to Mexico |
| Lusitania | British ship, sunk in war |
| Preparedness | readiness for war |
| No-man's land | empty land between armies |
| Stalemate | no movement possible by either side |
| Pacifist | opposed to war |
| Alliances | agreements for support |
| Woodrow Wilson | "He kept us out of war." |
| Declaration of War | "Make the world safe for Democracy" |
| Battle of Somme | enormous #'s of dead |
| Nicholas II | last Tsar/Czar of Russia |
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt | United States |
| Japan | Hideki Tojo |
| Winston Churchill | Great Britain |
| Germany | Adolf Hitler |
| Chiang Kai-shek | China |
| Italy | Benito Mussolini |
| France | Charles de Gaulle |
| United States | Harry S Truman |
| Joseph Stalin | USSR |
| William Lyon Mackenzie King | Canada |
| Gertrude Ederle | first woman to swim the English Channel |
| Great Migration | this refers to the movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities from 1910-1920 |
| Charles A. Lindbergh | made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic |
| George Gershwin | composed Rhapsody in Blue, the first jazz work for symphony |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | author of The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise |
| Ernest Hemingway | wounded in WWI, this writer criticized the glorification of war and introduced a style of writing based on "hard little sentences" |
| Universal Negro Improvement Association | this black nationalist association was founded by Marcus Garvey |
| Harlem Renaissance | this was a leterary and artistic movement that celebrated African-American culture |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | among the founders of this association of African-Americans and white reformers was W.E.B. Du Bois |
| Bessie Smith | this singer was at one time the highest paid black artist in the world |
| Zora Neal Hurston | this writer portrayed the lives of poor, unschooled Southern African-Americans |
| prohibition | under this, the manufacture, transport, and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal |
| John T. Scopes | he challenged a Tennessee law that forbade the teaching of evolution |
| evolution | the Scopes trial was a debate over whether or not this should be taught in the public schools |
| Babe Ruth | hit a record 60 home runs for the Yankees in 1927 |
| stocks | shares of a company |
| crashed | stock market did this |
| failure of the Federal Reserve | another cause of Great Depresion |
| Social Security | program for retired people |
| banks and businesses | stock market crash caused them to fail |
| overspeculation on stock | one cause of Great Depression |
| tariffs | tax on imports |
| national parks | New Deal created these |
| high tariffs | 1 cause of Great Depression |
| New Deal | government program to help Great Depression |
| to speculate | to guess |
| Federal Reserve | government banking |
| Chancellor | Head of German government (not a name) |
| Jews | Blamed for making Germany lose WWI |
| Great Depression | Struck all industrialized nations |
| Gestapo | Hitler's non-uniformed police |
| Boycott | to stop buying or using with the intention of intimidation |
| Propaganda | Ideas spread to help or harm a person |
| Aryan | Race of tall, blonde hair, blue eyd Germans |
| Concentration Camp | Place where all Nazis enemies were taken |
| Star of David | Mark on Jewish clothing |
| Genocide | The extermination of an entire race or religion |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | leader of USA |
| Adolf Hitler | leader of Germany |
| Benito Mussolini | leader of Italy |
| Hideki Tojo | leader of Japan |
| Harry S Truman | leader of USA |
| Winston Churchill | leader of Britain |
| Francisco Franco | leader of Spain |
| Joseph Stalin | leader of Russia (USSR) |
| Chiang Kai-shek | leader of China |
| Charles de Gaulle | leader of France |
| William Lyon Mackenzie King | leader of Canada |
| Henry Ford | Changed automobile production with the assembly line |
| W.E.B DuBois | The editor for the Crisis |
| Langston Hughes | leading Poet for the Harlem Renaissance |
| Louis Armstrong | Well-known jazz player of the time |
| Walt Disney | Made the 1st cartoon with sound |
| Satchel Paige | 1st African American pitcher in the American League |
| Marcus Garvey | Promoted black nationalism & encouraged blacks to return to Africa |
| Charles Lindbergh | Flew the 1st solo transatlantic flight from NY to Paris in 33.5 hours in the Spirit of St. Louis |
| Izzy & Moe | Honest Prohibition agents |
| Harding, Coolidge,& Hoover | The 3 presidents of the 1920's |
| Black Tuesday | this term refers to the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 |
| Huey Long | he proposed a social program called "Share Our Wealth" |
| buying on the margin | paying a small percentage of a stock's price and borrowing the rest |
| speculation | risky business transactions on the chance of making quick or considerable profits |
| credit | arrangement in which consumers agree to buy now ans pay later for purchases, often on an installment plan that includes interest charges |
| Dust Bowl | this was caused by drought, high winds, and the overproduction of crops |
| stock | "buying on the margin" refers to a way of purchasing this |
| Hoovervilles | people coveyed their disgust with Hoover by calling their shantytowns this |
| Bonus Army | this consisted of WWI veterans and their families |
| Herbert Hoover | he was president at the beginning of the Great Depression |
| Glass-Steagall Banking Act | this established FDIC |
| Federal Emergency Relief Administration | this provided direct relief in the form of food and clothing to the neediest people hit by the Depression |
| Tennessee Valley Authority | this helped to creat prosperity in a poverty-stricken region by providing funds to build and repair dams, and power plants |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act | this paid farmers to lower production in the hopes of raising crop prices and farm income |
| Civilian Conservation Corps | put almost 3 million young men to work building roads, parks, etc... |
| Federal Securities Act | required corporations to provide complete information on all stock offerings |
| Emergency Banking Relief Act | authorized the Treasury Department to inspect banks and close those that were unsound, with the greater goal of restoring public confidence in the banking system |
| National Industrial Recovery Act | created an administration to set fair prices on many products an destablish labor standards, with the greater goal of ensuring fair business practices and promoting industrial growth |
| Richard Wright | his classic novel, Native Son, depicts the difficulties faced by a young man trying to survive in a racist world |
| The Grapes of Wrath | classic novel by John Steinbeck focuses on the difficulties of those who moved to California during the Dust Bowl |
| Gone with the Wind | sweeping drama about life among Southern plantation owners during the Civil War |
| Orson Welles | actor, director, producer, and writer responsible for classics like Citizen Kane, and the radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds |
| Social Security Act | provides for an old-age insurance program |
| Social Security Act | provides for an unemployment compenation program |
| Social Security Act | provides programs that aid needy families with children and the needy disabled |
| National Labor Relations Board | this continues to act as a mediator in disputes between unions and employers |
| Securities and Exchange Commission | this continues to monitor the stock market and enforce laws regarding the sale of stocks and bonds |
| Tennessee Valley Authority | pollution was an unfortunate result of this program to promote flood control and build hydroelectric power plants |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | this protects people's savings against loss in the event of a bank failure |
| Frances Perkins | first woman to serve on the cabinet |
| John Steinbeck | he wrote The Grapes of Wrath |
| Dow Jones Industrial Average | this is the name of the most widely used measure of the stock market's health |
| Third Reich | established by Hitler |
| Nuremberg Trials | trials of people accused of committing crimes against humanity. |
| dictatorship | absolute ruler of a country |
| deferment | postponement of service for medical or religious reasons. |
| infantry | ground soldiers |
| internment | forced imprisonment of people |
| offensive | to attack or assault |
| defensive | to defend oneself |
| nuclear bomb | made of radioactive materials |
| Victory in Europe | V-E Day |
| Enola Gay | dropped the bombs on Japan |
| concentration camps | brutal camps for Jewish people |
| death camp | another name for concentration camps |
| Seabees | US Navy's Construction Battalions |
| Leningrad | same as St. Petersburg |
| France | first European country liberated during the war. |
| Resistance | small bands of civilians fighting the war. |
| Iwo Jima | island off of Japan |
| Yalta Conference | made plans for postwar peace |
| Neutrality Acts | established by Congress to keep US out of war. |
