| A | B |
|---|
| nationalism | pride in one's own nation; desire for independence |
| nation-state | a political state whose people also share the same language and culture |
| realpolitik | political theory that national success justifies the use of any means |
| kaiser | title of the German emperor |
| chancellor | title of the chief minister of some European countries |
| militarism | national policy based on military strength and glorification of war |
| emancipation | legally granting freedom |
| Russification | policy of imposing Russian language and customs on other peoples |
| pogroms | organized persecution of a minority group in czarist Russia |
| soviets | a workers' council formed early in the Russian Revolution; later, a unit of government in the Soviet Union |
| duma | Russian national legislature |
| dual monarchy | two states with one monarchy |
| Otto von Bismarck | German Prime Minister, embraced the policy of realpolitik |
| Wilhelm II | kaiser who sent Bismarck packing |
| Nicholas II | last tsar of Russia |
| Bolsheviks | Led by Lenin, believed a small party of profesional revolutionaries could use force to bring about a socialist society |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | expert in guerrilla warfare, leader of the Red Shirts, unified southern Italy and joined it with northern Italy |
