| A | B |
|---|
| asexual reproduction | all the genetic instructions come from one parent |
| biotechnology | the combination of technology and biological sciences |
| body cell | non-reproductive cells; contain the full number of chromosomes typical for the species |
| chromosome | a thick, threadlike structure that contains genetic information in the form of DNA |
| clone | an organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; contains genetic information |
| genes | a segment of DNA that contains a code for a specific trait |
| genetic engineering | a set of technologies that humans use to alter the genetic instructions of an organism by substituting DNA molecules |
| recombinant DNA | DNA that has portions from 2 or more different species |
| transgenic organism | organism with DNA from 2 or more different organisms |
| gel electrophoresis | procedure used to separate DNA fragments of different size |
| heredity | the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next |
| mutation | any alteration in the sequence of DNA |
| DNA replication | copying DNA, occurs in nucleus during interphase. (Before cell division) |
| selective breeding | the process of choosing a few organisms with desirable traits to serve as the parents of the next generation |
| nucleotide | DNA subunit, composed of phosphate, sugar and base (such as A,T,C, or G) |
| template | the pattern for a new molecule |
| traits | a characteristic that is passed from parent to offspring through the genes |
| transcription | copying DNA into mRNA. Occurs in nucleus. |
| translation | using mRNA code to assemble amino acids at the ribosome |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; brings amino acids to the ribosome |
| mRNA | messenger RNA; copies DNA code |
| hydrogen bond | weak bond that holds nitrogenous bases together |
| XX | female sex chromosomes |
| XY | male sex chromosomes |
| sex linked | traits carried on sex chromosome, usually X. Males have recessive sexlinked disorders more. Colorblindness and hemophilia. |
| Mendel | father of genetics, cross bred pea plants, discovered "principle of dominance" |
| Allele | each alternative form of a gene. Ex: brown, blue, hazel |
| Gene | generally controls inheritance of single trait, like eye color |
| Indentical twins | natural clones |
| Himalayan rabbits | good example of environmental influence on gene expression. Black fur grows under ice pack. |
| Inversion | Mutation that flips several bases around backwards. Ex: dog turns into god |
| Down's Syndrome | Trisomy 21, result of nondisjuction |
| genotype | organisms genetic makeup. Ex: homozygous or heterozygous |
| homozygous/pure breeding | Having 2 of the same alleles for a trait |
| heterzygous/hybrid | having 2 different alleles for a trait |
| Watson and Crick | discovered "double helix" shape of DNA |
| Amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |
| examples of proteins | enzymes, hormones (insulin), antibodies |
| plasmid | ring shaped bacterial DNA. Often used in genetic engineering. |
| Sex cell/gamete | Sperm or egg. If a mutation occurs in sex cell, it may be passed on to offspring. |
| Father | determines the sex of the offspring b/c he has both X and Y chromosomes. (Mother only has X chromosomes) |
| Karyotype | picture of chromosomes arranged into homologous pairs from largest to smallest |
| Chromosome number | varies from species to species |
| Human chromosome number | 46 in body cells. (23 matching pairs) |
| Roan Coat Color | Example of codominance. Both red and white fur are expressed in cows/horses |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | Misshapen red blood cells, NOT sex linked |
| Huntingtons | Rare DOMINANT disease that impacts brain function. Caused by extra large huntingtin gene. |
| DNA nucleotide | made of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. Backbone = phosphate & sugar |
