| A | B |
|---|
| red herring | in irrelevant statement used as distraction in an argument |
| Immanuel Kant | philosopher who believed ethics should be based on pure reason |
| utilitarian | person who believes that ethics are guided by the measure of what will cause the greatest pleasure for the greatest number |
| intuitionism | a clear, internal understanding of what is right and wrong--not just based on emotion but based on a "gut certainty" |
| Aristotle | philosopher who believed that people must practice ethical acts to become ethical |
| care ethics | an approach that emphasizes the importance of empathy and affection, friendships and relationships, and ethics are nurtured within relationships |
| deontological ethics | a view that says that ethics binds us to duty without concern for consequences |
| act utilitarianism | an approach that weighs each ethical quandary individually for the most pleasure for the greatest number of people |
| rule utilitarianism | an ethical approach of setting up systems that will lead to the greatest good for the greatest number of people |
| teleological ethics | ethical systems based on the end-results or the consequences |
| Jeremy Bentham | First utilitarian who believed ethics should be based on the greatest good for greatest number (and all goods were equal; everyone should eat oatmeal so everyone could eat) |
| John Stuart Mill | utilitarian who believed in difference in value of goods as greatest good for greatest number of people is determined |
| Fyodor Dostoyevsky | Russian novelist who raised challenges against utilitarian approach to ethics |
| Example of pleasure machine | Used to question whether or not "pleasure" is the measure of quality of life |
| social contract | the idea that human behavior is guided by an unwritten agreement that promotes well-being of members of society |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Swiss philosopher who believed in a state of nature people are kind and good; society corrupts |
| John Locke | social contract philosopher who believed people needed to have written protections from the state |
| Thomas Hobbes | philosopher who believed in a state of nature it was all against all, and social contract necessary to protect us from each other |
| John Rawls | created idea of imagining a "veil of ignorance," or people before they came to earth, to imagine what kind of rules we would want to have in society (in a social contract) |
| David Gauthier | created game of prisoner's dilemma to show benefits of mutual cooperation |
| Pragmatism | an ethical focus on following guidelines that produce results and not worrying so much about abstract concepts of right and wrong |
| Sociological relativism | the understanding that different cultures have different customs, standards, and moral codes |
| Carol Gilligan | philosopher who believed care and personal relationships |
| ethical relativism | the idea that all culture's ethics are equal, and that one culture's ethics cannot be judged as "better" than another's |
| psychological egoism | the belief that ultimately people always act in their own best interests |
| ethical egoism | the belief that acting in one's own best interest is the highest good for a person |
| Nell Noddings | philosopher who says that women prefer to discuss ethical choices in terms of concrete situations |
| principle of the golden mean | "Whatever is moderate is right" |
| ideal profession for practicing virtue theory | medicine |
| most inclusive scope of moral consideration | utilitarianism |
| WD Ross | philosopher who said we just know, intuitively, several moral principles |
| Tom Regan | philosopher who says that even animals should be included in moral consideration in the kingdom of ends |
| ethical nonobjectivism | the idea that there are no objective moral facts |
| Ockam's razor | the idea that the simplest answer is the best and most correct answer |
| emotivist view | ethical views are only emotional expressions, not statements with truth value |
| AJ Ayer | philosopher who claimed that we cannot argue about ethics |
| moral responsibility | the foundation for judgments that a person deserves punishment or reward |
| role responsibility | judging whether or not a person carried out a role or task as expected |
| compatibilism | the idea that there is determinism and the exercise of free will at the same time |
| determinism | the idea that outcomes in our lives are pre-set before they happen; the idea that we can find causes for our own behavior and causes for why things happen to us |
| free will | the ability to choose |
| libertarian free will | the ability to choose genuinely among open alternatives |
| CA Campbell | champion of libertarian free will |
| fatalism | the idea that all events in our lives are going to happen regardless of any choices we might think we have |
