| A | B |
|---|
| archeologists | scientists who study very old pieces of pottery, tools and bones, and fossils |
| prehistory | time before written records were kept. Historians learn about this period by studying artifacts, cave paintings etc. |
| hunter-gatherers | describes how early humans moved from place to place to find food |
| agriculture | began when people started growing their own food and were able to settle in one place. Agriculture requires a steady water supply and fertile soil. |
| progression of early human development | hunter-gatherers- people learn to grow food - people domesticate animals - civilization begins |
| fertile crescent | site of first civilization, crescent shaped land between Tigis and Euphrates rivers |
| irrigation | directing water to farming fields through system of ditches; made growing crops near rivers easier |
| domestication | the process of growing crops and raising and taming animals |
| surplus | producing more food than needed, made possible by domestication |
| monsoons | seasonal winds in India that bring rains needed by people for growing crops |
| Ganges and Indus Rivers | Rivers in India very important in early civilizations there |
| city states | independent political units that developed among early civilizations |
| cuneiform | early form of writing |
| papyrus | material used to write on in early civilizations |
| Hammurabi's Code | the first written laws - written so everyone would know the rules and punishments |
| geography | the study of earth and its people |
| divisions of earth | hemisphere - continents - countries - states |
| silk road | route to and in China that helped bring about trade because it connected China to the West |
| Great Wall of China | acted as a barrier to protect the Chinese people from invasions from other civilizations |
| Greece's geographical features | peninsula with very rugged and mountainous terrain - acted as a barrier to other civilizations |
| factors affecting ability to trade | geography- those near sea routes and without rugged terrain could trade more easily |
| traders | spread new ideas, tools and technology in their travels to and from different areas |
| Golden Ages | describes periods of great achievements in art, science, math and philosophy |
| aqueducts | structures built to bring fresh water to different locations |
| coliseums | used for gladiator games and other entertainment |
| road systems | extensive systems built by Roman army, leading to Rome |
| castles | built for kings and protected by knights to fight invasions |
| polytheistic | believing in many gods |
| ziggurats | religious structures that had stairways leading to heaven, used by ancient |
| monotheism | The belief in one god. Judaism formed with this belief. |
| mummies | preserved bodies of ancient Egyptian royalty. Egyptians believed in life after death |
| Confucianism | Ancient Chinese philosopher whose teachings were widely followed. Taught loyalty and respect within the family |
| Crusades | religious wars between Christians and Muslims |
| guiding principle of Judaism | All people are equal before God, live good and decent lives, waiting for Messiah |
| guiding principle of Hinduism | Reincarnation, action in this life will determine rebirth in next life |
| guiding principle of Buddhism | Middle path-controlling your mind and spirit, rebirth, selfish desires causes suffering |
| guiding principle of Christianing | Forgive people, live an unselfish life, be sorry for your sins, ten commandments |
| guiding principle of Islam | One God (Allah), five pillars, prayer 5 times daily, fast, pilgrimage to Mecca, give alms to poor |
| founder of Judaism | Prophet Abraham |
| founder of Buddhism | Siddhartha Gautama |
| founder of Christianity | Jesus |
| founder of Islam | Muhammad |
| Holy Book of Judaism | Torah |
| Holy Book of Hinduism | Vedas, Upanishads |
| Holy Book of Buddhism | Tiptaka |
| Holy Book of Christianity | Bible |
| Holy Book of Islam | Koran |
| Temple | Where followers of Judaism worship |
| Hindu Temple | Where followers of Hinduism worship |
| Shrine or Temple | Where followers of Buddhism worship |
| Churches | Where Christians worship |
| Mosque | where followers of Islam worship |
| feudalism | system of government during the Middle Ages based on land and service in exchange for protection |
| peasants/ serfs | worked the land on the manor in exchange for food and protection from the king's knights |
| democracy | a form of government where people participate |
| monarchy | a form of government headed by a king or queen. Popular during the Renaissance. |
| renaissance | began in the country of Italy. A time characterized by great achievements in art, literature and learning. Famous Renaissance writers and artists were inspired by the Greeks and Romans |
| Catholic Church | very powerful during the Renaissance |
| excommunication | word used to describe the exclusion of people who did not follow the teachings and practices of the Catholic Church |
| Protestants | a group of Christians who spoke out against the teachings and practices of the Catholic Church |
| Reformation | Movement to make changes in the Catholic Church |
| Martin Luther | leader of the Reformation- questions the practice on indulgences |
| indulgences | the process of selling forgiveness for sins practiced by the Catholic Church |
| Chronological order of events | Golden Age of Greece > Roman Empire > Crusades > Renaissance |
