| A | B |
|---|
| scientists who study very old pieces of pottery, tools and bones, and fossils | archeologists |
| time before written records were kept. Historians learn about this period by studying artifacts, cave paintings etc. | prehistory |
| describes how early humans moved from place to place to find food | hunter-gatherers |
| It began when people started growing their own food and were able to settle in one place. Requires a steady water supply and fertile soil. | agriculture |
| hunter-gatherers- people learn to grow food - people domesticate animals - civilization begins | progression of early human development |
| site of first civilization, crescent shaped land between Tigis and Euphrates rivers | fertile crescent |
| directing water to farming fields through system of ditches; made growing crops near rivers easier | irrigation |
| the process of growing crops and raising and taming animals | domestication |
| producing more food than needed, made possible by domestication | surplus |
| seasonal rains in India that people depended on for growing crops | monsoons |
| Rivers in India very important in early civilizations there | Ganges and Indus Rivers |
| independent political units that developed among early civilizations | city states |
| early form of writing | cuneiform |
| material used to write on in early civilizations | papyrus |
| the first written laws - written so everyone would know the rules and punishments | Hammurabi's Code |
| the study of earth and its people | geography |
| hemisphere - continents - countries - states | divisions of earth |
| route to and in China that helped bring about trade because it connected China to the West | silk road |
| acted as a barrier to protect the Chinese people from invasions from other civilizations | Great Wall of China |
| peninsula with very rugged and mountainous terrain - acted as a barrier to other civilizations | Greece's geographical features |
| geography- those near sea routes and without rugged terrain could trade more easily | factors affecting ability to trade |
| spread new ideas, tools and technology in their travels to and from different areas | traders |
| describes periods of great achievements in art, science, math and philosophy | Golden Ages |
| structures built to bring fresh water to different locations | aqueducts |
| used for gladiator games and other entertainment | coliseums |
| extensive systems built by Roman army, leading to Rome | road systems |
| built for kings and protected by knights to fight invasions | castles |
| believing in many gods | polytheistic |
| religious structures that had stairways leading to heaven, used by ancient | ziggurats |
| The belief in one god. Judaism formed with this belief. | monotheism |
| preserved bodies of ancient Egyptian royalty. Egyptians believed in life after death | mummies |
| Ancient Chinese philosopher whose teachings were widely followed. Taught loyalty and respect within the family | Confucianism |
| religious wars between Christians and Muslims | Crusades |
| All people are equal before God, live good and decent lives, waiting for Messiah | guiding principles of Judaism |
| Reincarnation, action in this life will determine rebirth in next life | guiding principles of Hinduism |
| Middle path-controlling your mind and spirit, rebirth, selfish desires causes suffering | guiding principles of Buddhism |
| Forgive people, live an unselfish life, be sorry for your sins, ten commandments | guiding principles of Christianity |
| One God (Allah), five pillars, prayer 5 times daily, fast, pilgrimage to Mecca, give alms to poor | guiding principles of Islam |
| Prophet Abraham | founder of Judaism |
| Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddhism |
| Jesus | founder of Christianity |
| Muhammad | founder of Islam |
| Torah | Holy Book of Judaism |
| Vedas, Upanishads | Holy Book of Hinduism |
| Tiptaka | Holy Book of Buddhism |
| Bible | Holy Book of Christianity |
| Koran | Holy Book of Islam |
| Where followers of Judaism worship | Temple |
| Where followers of Hinduism worship | Hindu Temple |
| Where followers of Buddhism worship | Shrine or Temple |
| Where Christians worship | Churches |
| where followers of Islam worship | Mosque |
| system of government during the Middle Ages based on land and service in exchange for protection | feudalism |
| worked the land on the manor in exchange for food and protection from the king's knights | peasants/ serfs |
| a form of government where people participate | democracy |
| a form of government headed by a king or queen. Popular during the Renaissance. | monarchy |
| began in the country of Italy. A time characterized by great achievements in art, literature and learning. Famous Renaissance writers and artists were inspired by the Greeks and Romans | renaissance |
| very powerful during the Renaissance | Catholic Church |
| word used to describe the exclusion of people who did not follow the teachings and practices of the Catholic Church | excommunication |
| a group of Christians who spoke out against the teachings and practices of the Catholic Church | Protestants |
| Movement to make changes in the Catholic Church | Reformation |
| The leader of the Reformation- questioned the practice on indulgences | Martin Luther |
| the process of selling forgiveness for sins practiced by the Catholic Church | indulgences |
| Golden Age of Greece > Roman Empire > Crusades > Renaissance | Chronological order of events |
