| A | B |
|---|
| FARMING | Farming enabled people to stop travling after their food and therefore have a stable food supply. Since surplus was grown or stored, not everyone had to farm and there was time for job specialization, religion, writing, the arts, government and other elements of civilization to develop |
| Ancient Writing | Heiroglyphics: Egyptian Writing Cuneiform: Writing of Mesopotamia |
| River Valleys | Areas of fertile soil surrounding a river. Most civilizations develop around a river valley because it provides a stable food supply and a means of travel. |
| Mummification | The Egyptian process of embalming a body, wrapping it in gauze, and performing rituals to guarantee safe passage into the afterlife |
| Re | Major Egyptian deity; god of the sun |
| Osiris | Egyptian god of the underworld or afterlife |
| Abraham | Father of Judaism, he made a covenant with God saying that God would take care of the Jews if they worshipped only Him. He brought the Jewish people to Canaan |
| Rabbi | A Jewish religious leader |
| Delian League | An alliance of Greek city-states set up to fight Persia |
| Caste System | In India, it is the class system. The social structure of the caste system is very strict. A person remains in the caste in which he is born. Untouchables are the lowest caste and Brahmin, or priests, are the highest |
| Reincarnation | The belief that the soul enters a different body or corpse after death to live again |
| Brahmin | Priests in Ancient India. They are at the top of the caste system |
| Samsara | In Hinduism, it is the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth |
| 4 Noble Truths | These are the "discovery" of Buddha that guided his path to enlightenment. One is that desire is the cause of all suffering |
| Buddhism | The major religion of China. Buddhists are vegetarians, believe in reincarnation and in achieving elightenment. The Dalai Lama is the leader of the Buddhist faith and thought to be the reincarnation of Buddha |
| Hinduism | The major religion of India. It is polytheistic and supports the strict caste system |
| Monotheism | The belief in one god or supreme power. Judaism and Christianity are monotheistic religions |
| Clergy | Relgious leaders in the christian religion. Includes priests |
| Constantine | Roman emperor who moved the capital of the empire from Rome to Constantinope (modern day Istanbul) and stopped the persecution of Christians |
| Odoacer | German general who defeated the last emperor of the Eastern Roman empire. His victory signifies the end of the Roman empire |
| Diocletian | Roman emperor who decided to divide the empire into 4 areas to be ruled separately. The empire had grown too big for one leader. This decision failed as the sections started fighting among one another |
| Golden Age | A period of peace, progress, and prosperity experienced by a civilization. The Pax Romana and the Gupta dynasty are examples |
| Legalism | The Chinese philosophy of ruling that says that people are evil by their nature and must be punished harshly in order to obey rules. Rule by fear. |
| Daosim | The Chinese philosophy of ruling that believes the best form of order is that of nature, so the less government, the better |
| Confucianism | A Chinese philosophy of ruling that supported loyalty to the empire and the family before all. Confucius supported education and filial piety |
| Filial Piety | The Chinese cultural value of honoring and obeying your elders |
| Plebeians and Patricians | Two social groups in Rome. The Plebeians made up the lower class and the Patricians made up the higher, wealthy class. Until the confilct of orders, the Patricians ruled all of the Roman republic. After the conflict of order, power was more evenly distributed based on population with the Plebeians ruling the majority of the government since they made up 90% of the population. |
| Zealots | Jewish rebels who revolted against Roman persecution. The rebellion failed, resulting in the death of thousands of Jews and destruction of temples |
| Jesus | Founder of Christianity, he claimed to be the messiah and son of god. He taught tolerance of all and love. Seen as a threat to power, he was crucified by the Romans. |
