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| Define infection control | Measures that health professionals use to prevent the spread of infection |
| What are microorganisms and where can you find them.? | Small living plant or animal seen only with a microscope. They are everywhere. |
| Name and define two types of microbes. | Bacteria are often called germs, this plant life multiples quickly and can cause infection in any body system. Viruses grow in living cells and cause many different diseases, such as HIV.. fungi which are plants that live on other plants or animals. protozoa which is a one celled animal that effects the blood, brain, and the intestine and other body parts. Rickettsiae which is spread to humans through insects bites from flees, lice, ticks, and other insects. |
| What is a reservoir and what do microbes need within the reservoir to encourage growth? | The place where microbes live and grow. They need water, nourishment, oxygen, and a dark, moist environment |
| Normal Flora are microbes that are non-pathogenic when they remain in their natural environment. What happens when E. coli(found in the colon and stool) enters the urinary system? | It causes infection. |
| Indentify two multi-drug resistant organisms. What is meant by this term? | Methicillin-resistant Staphyococcus aueus (MRSA) commonly known as staph, Vancomycin-resistent Enterococcus (VRE). It means microbes that can resist the effect of antibodies. |
| Indentify and define the six elements in the chain of infection, give one example of each (Hint, host, portal of entry). | Causative agent is the microorganism that can produce the disease in humans, such as bacteria, viruses , fungi, protozoa, and rickettsia. Reservoir is where pathogens can survive, such as humans, insects, environment, formites Portal of entry is where organisms enter the body, such a break in the skin, or mucus membranes, inhalation through the respiratory tract. GI tract Portal of exit is where the organisms leave the reservoir through body secretions including excretions from the respiratory tract(sputum) Method of transmission is the spread of organisms and happens in three ways: airborne, droplet, contact, and indirect contact. Host is the person who harbors infectious organisms and lacks resistance to the microorganism such as a dog. |
| If one link of the chain of infection is broken, what will or won’t occur? | Infection cannot be transmitted to others (pg. 157) |
| What is the proper length of a gown to provide adequate coverage? | The gown must completely cover a person from your neck to your knees. |
| What is the primary purpose of isolation? | The primary purpose is to isolate or separate the patient what has a communicable or contagious disease or help prevent the spread of infectious pathogens. |
| Identify the type of isolation equipment for airborne, droplet, and contact isolation. Identify if a private room is required or recommended. Identify a clinical condition for eat type of isolation. | Answer below |
| Airborne precautions | The equipment needed when entering the room is a high efficiency particulate (HEPA) filer mask or other specially filtered mask. For the clinical condition the door must be closed. |
| Droplet precautions | Caregivers should wear a surgical mask when working within three feet of the patient. The clinical condition needed for this type is the door can remain open as long as the bed is at least 3 feet from the opening. The patient should wear a surgical mask if they leave the room. |
| Contact precautions | Caregiver should use gloves with any patient contact. The care giver should wear a gown when entering the patients room if his or her uniform may have may have contact with the patient, blood bodily fluids, environmental surfaces or other items in the room. The conditions for this type are the patient should be in a private room. The door can remain open. Transport the patient from the room only when necessary. Use disposable equipment and supplies whenever possible. If the equipment is used for more than one patient it must be cleaned and disinfected. |
| If your patient is on isolation, what considerations would you have regarding the use of equipment? For example (BP cuff, IV poles, etc.) | For blood pressure the PPE equipment is not needed. For IV poles gloves are needed. Remain in room not shared with another patient.Add more |
| When is it safe for 2 patients in isolation to share a room? | It is safe for 2 patients to share a room if they have the same infection while in isolation. |
| For an Isolation room, where is it appropriate location for the isolation cart and solid lien hamper? | The isolation cart is outside the patient’s room and the laundry hamper is inside the room and lined with the color coded biohazard laundry bag. |
| After applying the needed PPE, you enter the patient room and realize you forgot supplies needed to provide care for the patient. What is the appreciate response? | If materials are forgotten then the PPE is to be taken off to go and get the appropriate materials forgotten and then the PPE can be reapplied. |
| When leaving the isolation room what is the safest method for opening the door after hands have been washed? | The safest method when leaving the patients room would be to use a clean paper towel. Add more |
| Items contaminated with blood, bodily fluids, secretions, or excretions are called biohazard waste. What is the appropriate disposal of biohazard wastes? | Before leaving the isolation units clean the equipment with a disinfectant. Place the equipment in the biohazards plastic bag. |
| What type of PPE is needed for the following: contact with sputum, contact with blood, helping with a procedure where splashing of fluids is expected, changing contaminated lien where exposure to clothing is expected, serving a meal tray, exposure to coughing or sneezing. | Sputum gloves and mask is needed. Contact with blood gloves, goggles and gown needed. Helping with a procedure where splashing is expected. Glove, gown, goggles, and mask are needed. Serving a meal tray nothing is needed. Exposure to coughing, sneezing, gloves, goggles, gown mask are needed. Contaminated lien where exposure to clothing is expected gloves and gown needed. |
| The method of transmission has the ability to travel long distances in the air on dust and moisture. | Airborne, droplets, direct and indirect contact. |
| A contaminated gown is folded in what direction after removal, before disposing in the receptacle? | When removing a gown use a peeling motion pull gown from each solider toward the same hand. And the gown will turn inside out. Hold and remove gown away from the body, roll into a bundle and discard. |
| An effective sized mask should cover the. | The noise and mouth under the chin area. |
| Identify six items needed on the isolation cart. | Gloves, gown, goggles, mask, facial shield, biohazards lien bags. |
| When leaving a patient isolation room, when is PPE removed? | The PPE is removed before leaving the room. |
| Your patient Mr. Jones has developed a fever and diarrhea of unknown origin. He needs assistance with all personal care. His roommate is not exhibiting any symptoms Mr. Jones is feeling weak and placed on bed rest. | answrs below |
| If isolation precautions are needed what equipment is needed? | Equipment needed are isolation cart, a solid lien hamper. |
| When providing care following incontinence of liquid stool, what PPE would be appropriate? | PPE equipment needed are gloves and possibly a gown. |
| While removing soiled lines what PPE should be used? | Gloves if really needed gown and a biohazard hamper. |
| Can Mr. Jones have a roommate? | Yes, he can have a patient unless the doctor specifies. |
| What is the best way to prevent the spread of infection? | hand washing |
| Where did you place his isolation cart and where is the soiled lien hamper? | The isolation cart is place outside the patient’s room by the doors and the solid hamper inside the room. |
| Identify the following for the clinical situation: Reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, host. | The servitor is Mr. Jones. Portal of exit is the rectal. Mode of transmission in the contact. Host is Mr. Jones. |
| Identify a minimum of 3 portals of exit. | body secrection. body excretions, from repiratory tract sputum, or gentle tract semen, or vaginal excrections, drining of wounds urine, feces, blood, salivia, and tears. |
| Describe the 3 ways microbes can be spread (airborne, droplet, and contact). | answer below |
| Airborne transmission | Diseases are transmitted by air currents. The pathogens are small and light and are suspended in the air. An example is someone with tuberculosis. |
| Droplet transmission | The pathogens are spread in the air by sneezing, coughing, talking, singing or laughing. |
| contact transmission | The pathogen is spread by direct or indirect contact. Direct contact happens when a care giver touches a contaminated area on the patients skin, body or fluid. |
| What is considered the danger area of droplet precautions where health care providers need protection from contact with infectious droplets? | 3 feet is where caregivers need for protection of droplets. |
| What are nosocomial infections? What is the number 1 to prevent the spread? | These affections occur in any setting where health care is given and related to receiving healthcare. The number 1 way to prevent the spread of infection is through hand washing. |
| What direction are your fingers pointed in when washing hands? | The fingers are pointed downward in sink. |
| When can you safely touch the faucet handle? | Before washing hands with a paper towel and after with a paper towel. |
| What do you sue to turn off faucet? | You use a clean paper towel. |
| How long should you use friction during hand washing? | You should friction during hand washing for 15 seconds. |
| Are waterless cleaners sufficient when hands are visibly contaminated? Are spores killed with this method of infection? What common method of infection control removes most spores? | They are sufficient for a short period of time until one can get to the sink. They prevent the drying of the sink. These are effective in reducing infection and eliminating pathogens from the hands. The most common method used to remove most spores is hand washing. |
| Bath and shower rooms are commonly used by all residents on the unit. What procedure should take place between residents using the shower and bath and what would be used? | Use a disinfectant solution. |
| Define standard precautions and the various personal protective equipment used? | Standard precautions are the infection control used for all people receiving care, regardless of their condition or diagnosis. The personal protective equipment used is gloves, gown, mask, goggles, and face shield. |
| Identify the accurate application and removal of PPE. | To accurately remove PPE first remove gloves than wash hands. Then remove goggles or face shield and then the gown, then mask and then wash hands. |
| What is the correct action if you fine your glove is torn? | The correct action is replacing it right away. |
| Identify the regions of the body. | Cranial, cervical, thoracic, abdominal, and extremities. |
| Define cell and the four parts of the cell. | A cell is the smallest and simplest unit of the body. It is the building block and there is 100 hundred trillion cells in the human body. The four parts of the cell are: the nucleus, cytoplasm, protoplasm, and the membrane. |
| The nucleus | Supervises cell activity, contains the DNA molecule which controls heredity. |
| Cytoplasm | Work center of the cell, performs functions of secretion and or excretion. |
| Protoplasm | Work center of the cell, performs functions of secretion and or excretion. |
| Protoplasm | Chemical composition and a living substance of the cell. |
| Membrane | Wall of the cell, allows materials to pass in and out of the cell. |
| Define tissue and identify the four parts of the tissues. | A tissue is 2 or more cells of the same type grouped together to perform a specific function. The four parts of the tissue are connective tissue, muscle tissue, cardiac tissue, never tissue. |
| Connective tissue | Connects joins supports and or encloses body structure. |
| Muscle tissue | It contracts and relaxes allowing body organs to move and or function. |
| Cardiac tissue | Involuntary movement, responds to electrical stimulus, requires constant supply of blood for oxygen and nutrients. |
| Never tissue | Innervates and activates all body parts, transmits and receives electrical stimuli. |
| Define organ | part of the body that has a special function. |
| Define systems and put the progression of the above (cell, tissues etc.) into a liner order. | 2 or more organs of the same type grounded together to perform a specific function. The order is cells tissues organ systems. |
| Describe the Integumentary system in terms of: what are the organs of this system, describe the two skin layers, what is the function of the system, how does ageing affect this system? I identify special care needs. | The organs of the system are muscular system, skeletal, system , digestive system, circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system, urinary system ( aka excretory system) reproductive system and the endocrine system. The two skin layers are epidermis: which is the outer layer, dead cells comprised of epithelial cells. The dermis it is the inner layer, living cells, comprised of connective tissue. The function of the Integumenary system is to protect and is the first line of defense. Regulates body temperature. Excretes body fluids in the form of sweet. Gives humans individualized appearance. Aging affects this system by thinning hair. Baldness. Facial hair in women. Wrinkly and drying of the skin. Bags under eyes. Sagging of the skin at the neck and under upper arms. Increased sensitivity to heat and cold. Appearance of warts moles and age spots. |
| Describe the muscular system in terms of: the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscle. | Voluntary muscle requires conscious effort to contract (shorten muscles to cause movement, contraction of muscle moves bone from one position to another e.g. biceps) . Involuntary (smooth) muscle’s movement is regulated at the subconscious level of the brain(heart, diaphragm) . |
| Describe the muscular system in terms of organs of this system | described below |
| Describe the muscular system in terms of function of system | Movement, support, protection, control digestive process, maintenance of vital functions |
| Describe the muscular system in terms of the effects of aging and care | illness, stroke, etc., atrophy (thickening and shortening of the muscle), contracture(permanent shortening due to lack of use, joint becomes locked in place, joint is in flexed position). Perform range of motion exercises. |
| Identify the difference between atrophy and contracture | Atrophy is the acute thickening, shortening, and wasting of the muscle, contracture is the permanent shortening due to lack of use. |
| Define the 5 parts of the skeletal system, | Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones. There are 206 Bones. Joints are points where the bones come together and there is the possibility of movement. Tendons are fibrous bands of connective tissue. Ligaments are strong bands of fibrous tissue that hold the bones and support joints. |
| the functions of the skeletal system | Protect, movement, provide shape and form, store mineral esp. calcium, produce red and white blood cells (RBC and WBC) |
| organs of the skeletal system | There are 206 Bones. Joints are points where the bones come together and there is the possibility of movement. Tendons are fibrous bands of connective tissue. Ligaments are strong bands of fibrous tissue that hold the bones and support joints. Cartilage is made up of smooth connective tissue, protects and cushions bones from injuries. |
| the effects of aging on the skeletal system. Identify special care needs. | Change in stature due to shortening vertebral column and long bones due to calcium loss, osteoporosis, fractures |
| Identify organs of the gastrointestinal/ digestive system. | Mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, small intestine, large intestine, |
| What are the gastrointestinal/ digestive system functions? | Ingestion, digestion, conversion of food and fluids can utilized by the body, elimination, |
| what are the effects of aging on the gastrointestinal/ digestive system and the special care needs? | Susceptible to organic and emotional disorders, (colostomies, ileostomies, etc), chewing or swallowing inadequacies, dietary restrictions or inadequacies, decrease in secretions (saliva, digestive fluids), slowing process, paralyses, constipation |
| What are the functions of the circulatory system? | Circulates blood through system, carries food, fluid, and oxygen to cells, removes wastes products from cells |
| Identify organs of the circulatory system. | Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood |
| What is the difference between an artery and a vein? | An artery carries blood away from the heart, bright red. Veins carry blood toward the heart, darker red. |
| What is the function of the capillaries? | Connects arteries and veins, exchanges oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste products |
| What is the difference between RBC and WBC? | Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells fight infection. |
| What are the effects of aging of the circulatory system? What are the special needs? | Decreased circulation due to low metabolism, arteriosclerosis(decreased elasticity of vessel walls), atherosclerosis(fat and calcium deposits decrease vessel lumen size), hypertension(elevated BP), aneurysm(weakened and/or ruptured outpouching of blood vessels, stroke(blockage of blood vessels in the brain resulting in cell death), heart attack(blockage of coronary arteries causing heart cell dell death. Healthy diet |
| Identify the organs of the respiratory system. What is the function of it? | Nose, pharynx, esophagus, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs, alveoli, diaphragm, pleura, Take in oxygen to blood/body cells, blow off carbon dioxide from blood/body cells |
| What are the aging effects of the respiratory system | Decreased elasticity of lungs, conjestive lung failure( increased heart demand causes fluid to back up causes lungs to fill with fluid), emphysema (alveoli lose elasticity and become permanently enlarged, impairs oxygen/CO2 exchange) anemia(low iron content, low hemoglobin, oxygen binds with HGB, inadequate oxygen to heart and brain), asthma(bronchial tubes constrict, become smaller, inadequate amount of air enter the lungs), pneumonia(secretions build up in the lungs; hypostatic pneumonia is caused by decreased mobility of the patient and their secretions), aspiration(accidental intake of air, fluids, and food/objects into lungs; may occur with unconscious and/or vomiting patients) |
| What are the special care needs due to aging of the respiratory system? | answer below |
| What organs are included in the nervous system? What is the function? | Brain, spinal cord, nerves Control of mental processes, regulation of body movement and functions, regulation of level of consciousness |
| What are the aging affects to the nervous system? What are the care considerations? | deterioration of nerve cells, deterioration of membranes covering brain, spinal column, nerves, OBS(organic brain syndrome; chemical changes in the brain causing confusion), multiple sclerosis(deterioration of myelin sheath(membranes covering nerves)), stoke(blood clot in brain nerve cell death causing paralysis on opposite side of brain) |
| What are the 5 senses of the nervous system and how are they affected by age? What care is needed due to the aging process ( if indicated)? | Hearing can be lost, particularly to high sounds, balance disturbances esp. with infections. Smell can decrease, decreased efficiency of cilia Taste can diminish along with manipulation and swallowing abilities. Touch- decrease response to stimulus, decreased adaptability to environmental changes Sight- decreased acuity, cataracts(lens thickening, clouded), cymatia(increased pressure within the eye itself), increased acclamation time from light to dark |
| What are the organs of the urinary system? What is the function? | Kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra, urinary meatus , prostate Extract toxins from circulating blood, produce urine, elimination of body waste |
| What are the effects of aging of the urinary system? What are the special care considerations? | Decreased kidney efficiency, decreased impulses from brain to control urination, enlarged prostate gland(50+), urinary inconvenience, kidney stones, |
| What organs are included in the reproductive system? What is the function of the reproductive organs? | Male: scrotum, penis, testies, epididymides, seminal duct, vesicles, ejaculatory duct, spermatic cords, urethra, prostate Female: mons pubis, labia majora, labis minor, clitoris, vestibule, hymen, breasts, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina Production of a new human being, sexual release and pleasure. |
| Does sexual desire decrease with age? What are the effects of aging? | Sexuality is very individual. It has been the one thing that has artificially, arbitrarily restricted in long term care facilities. Effects of aging Menopause vaginitis (especially in diabetics). Tumors in or around reproductive organs. Ovarian cysts. Prostate enlargement . |
| What are the organs of the endocrine system? | Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, Isle od Langerhans. Gonads. Thymus. |
| What is the function of the endocrine system? What are the aging effects? | The function of the endocrine system is produce hormones. Secrete hormones into blood. Regulate growth and development. Synchronize all body systems. Effects of aging are decreased efficiency of system due to slowed metabolism. Diabetes mellitus. Decreased resistance to infection. |
| Define what is meant by closed bed? | Bed with sheets and spread positioned to the head of the bed; unoccupied. |
| Open bed | Bed with top bedding fanfolded to the bottom , ready to be occupied. |
| Low bed | Bed in which the frame is four to six inches from the floor to the top of the frame deck; reduces the risk of injury if the patient falls from the bed. |
| Surgical/post op bed | Bed prepared for a patient returning from surgery. |
| What is purpose of a pad on the floor next to a low bed? | Reduces the risk of injury when a patient falls |
| What position do you place the bed in after you made a closed bed, an open bed, a surgical bed? | The closed bed is lowered to the lowest position. The open bed is lowered to the lowest position. The surgical bed is raised to stretcher hight and wheels are locked. |
| When the OR notifies you that your patient is ready to return to the unit, how do you prepare the room for his or her arrival? | No smoking needs iron deep breathing excercises and fluids. |
| When making any type of bed what actions will you take to conserve energy and prevent back strain? | use good body mechanics, rais bed to a working level, do not shake lien and do not let it touch the ground. |
| What is a toe pleat and what is its purpose? | It is made by folding the top linen over two to three inches at the end of the bed. It provides extra space and keeps the linen from pulling the feet downward. |
| How often are bed linens changed? | Daily in acute care facilities, two to three times a week in long term care facilities |
| What is changed when the bed is soiled? | The soild linen |
| What infection control measures do you implement when changing a soiled bed? | Look for signs of bed bugs, in cracks near the mattress, under the mattress seems |
| When changing the linen for an occupied bed, is it acceptable to place soiled linen on the floor while you are attempting to place clean linen under the patient? | No it is not |
| Clean linen is placed on the bedside chair in what order? | In the order it is to be used. (For a closed bed it is: mattress cover, mattress pad, bottom sheet, plastic draw sheet, top sheet, blanket, spread) |
| Why are sheets unfolded rather than shaken out? | So that dust is not flung into the air. |
| What is done with the bed wheels before making the bed? | They are locked in place. |
| Your patient is on bed rest and requires two staff to assist in positioning. What important piece of linen must be included to assist in lifting this patient? | Linen draw sheet (half sheet) |
| Is it customary to leave this linen piece loosely or tucked? | The draw sheet should be tucked in. |
| If a drawer sheet is used should it be placed so it covers the area underneath the patient’s? | Between a patient's shoulders and knees. |
| What position is the side rails in when completing a linen change for this patient? | The side rails should be raised. |
| Before leaving the room, what safety precautions must be in place? | Lock the bed wheels, lower the bed to the lowest height, place call bell within easy reach |
| You have an extra sheet after completing a linen change. Can you replace this to the clean linen cart since it was not used by your patient? | No |
| What is a decubitis ulcer? How and when does it occur? What nursing actions prevent this from | Pressure ulcers that develop on the skin over a bony prominence as the result of pressure. |
| Integumentary organs and function | Organs are skin, hair, nails, sweet and oil glands. Its function is provides first line of defense against infection. Maintains body temperature and fluid balance. |
| Nervous system its organs and function | Organs are brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs. Its function controls and organizes activities of the body. |
| Muscular its organs and function | Muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Its function gives movement to the body and supports and protects the body. |
| Skeletal its organs and function | Organs are bones and joints. Its function supports muscles and protects the body organs, and allows for movement at the joints. |
| The GI track its organs and function | Mouth, teeth, tough, salivary glands, esophagus, small intestine large intestine, colon, gallbladder liver, rectum, and anus. |
| Respiratory its organs and function | Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Its function is supplies oxygen to the body cells through the blood and gives off waste know as CO2. |
| Circulatory its organs and function | Its organs are heart, blood, arties, veins, capillaries, spleen, lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels. Its function is carries food, oxygen and water to the body cells and removes waste. |
| Urinary or excretory its organs and function | Its organs are kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Its function is removes wastes from blood, produces urine and eliminates urine. |
| Reproductive its organs and functions | Its organs are male testes, scortum, and penis. For female’s ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, and Breasts. Its function allows a new human being to be born. Provides sexual gratification. |
| Endocrine system is organs and function | Its organs are thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, adrenal testes, ovaries, thymus, and pancreatic islands of langerhans, pituitary. |
