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| What are the three overlapping functions of the nervous system? | sensory input, integration, and motor control |
| What are the two structural classifications of the nervous system? | Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System |
| What are the two parts of the Central Nervous system? | the Brain and Spinal cord |
| This is the name for the nervous system that is outside the brain and spinal cord. | Peripheral nervous system |
| Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system from sensory receptors are part of the ______ division | sensory or afferent division |
| These sensory fibers deliver impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints | somatic sensory fibers |
| These sensory fibers come from visceral organs | visceral sensory fibers |
| Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system and activate muscles and glands | motor or efferent |
| What are the two subdivisions of the motor division? | somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) |
| What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system? | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| support cells in the CNS are group together as __________ | neuroglia |
| Can glia or glial cells transmit nerve impulses? | no |
| What is the most abudant of all neural tissues? | astrocytes |
| What function do microglia serve? | they are phagocytes that dispose of debris |
| These types of cells circulate crebrospinal fluid and create a cushion for CNS. | ependymal cells |
| What do oligodendrocytes do? | they wrap nerve fibers and produce myelin sheaths |
| These types of cells produce the myeline sheath in the periphereal nervous system. | schwann cells |
| What is another name for a nerve cell? | a neuron |
| This is the name of specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum of a nerve cell | nissl substance |
| This is the cytoskeleton of a nerve cell and helps it to maintain its shape. | neurofibrils |
| These conduct nerve impulses toward the body | dendrites |
| conduct nerve impulses away from the body | axons |
| How many axons does a neuron have? | one |
| What is contained in the axonal terminals? | a vessicle with neurotransmitters |
| The name of the gap between neurons is called the __________ _________. | synaptic cleft |
| the junctions between nerves is called the __________. | synapse |
| This a whitish fatty material that protects and insulates nerve fibers and speeds up the rate of impulses. | myelin sheath |
| Axons outside of the CNS are myelated by ________ cells. | Schwann cells |
| this is the outer part of the schwann cell that forms a gap. | neurilemma |
| gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon are called _________ | nodes of Ranvier |
| This forms the myelin sheath in the Central Nervous system | oligodendrocytes |
| What role does the neurilemma play? | it plays an important role in regeneration of nerve fiber. It is found in the myelin sheath of the PNS but not in the CNS |
| clusters of cell bodies within the CNS are called ____; but outside the CNS they are called __________. | nuclei; ganglia |
| What part of the nervous system is destroyed in the disease multiple sclerosis? | the myelin sheath around nerve fibers |
| What are the least specialized, but most numerous type of cutaneous receptors? | pain receptors |
| What type of receptors detect changes in stretch or tension such as in muscles and ligaments? | proprioceptors |
| These connect sensory and motor neurons. | interneurons |
| All motor and association neurons are which type, unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar neurons? | multipolar |
| Which type of neuron is found in sensory neurons of the PNS ganglia and their axons conduct impulses both to and away from the cell body? | unipolar neurons |
| At rest, there are _______ positive ions inside the cell than outside the cell. | fewer |
| At rest, are the potassium ions inside or outsid the plasma membrane? | inside |
| A depolarized membrane allows ________ ions to flow inside the cell membrane. | Sodium |
| When the inside is more positive than the outside, the situation is called _________ potential. | graded |
| What initiates the action potential in the neuron? | the exchange of ions. If the signal is strong enough and if Na influx is enough. |
| This is the type of electrical impulse propagation where the axon membrane has a myelin sheath and it jumps from node to node. | saltatory conduction |
| what happens during repolarization of a neuron? | The sodium potassium pump restores the original configuration |
| How do sedatives and anesthetics block nerve impulses? | they alter the membrane permeability to ions, mainly sodium ions |
| A rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus is called a _________. | reflex |
| The central nervous system develops from the _________ tube. | neural |
| How many chambers are within the brain? | four |
| What structure makes up more than half of the brain? | the left and right cerebellum |
| Ridges on the surface of the brain are called _______. | gyri |
| Grooves on the surface of the brain are called ________. | sulci |
| These are deep grooves that divide the cerebrum into lobes. | fissures |
| What are the four lobes of the cerebrum. | frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. |
| What divides the cerebrum into hemispheres? | longitudinal fissures |
| What are the three basic regions of the cerebral hemisphere? | cortex of grey matter, white matter, basal nuclei |
| This is an island of grey matter inside white matter. | basal nuclei |
| This is where speech, memory, logical and emotional responses, as well as conscousness, interpretation of sensation and voluntary movement occurs. | cerebral cortex |
| Which lobe contains the primary somatic sensory area? | The parietal lobe |
| Which two body regions have the most sensory neurons? | the lips and fingertips |
| Which lobe contains the visual area? | occipital lobe |
| Which lobe is the auditory area? | temporal lobe |
| Where is the oflactory area? | deep inside the temporal lobe |
| What is the gustatory area? | area for taste |
| Which area sends impulses to skeletal muscles? | primary motor area |
| Where is the primary motor area located, which lobe? | frontal lobe |
| Damage to this area causes the inability to say words properly. You know what you want to say, but you can't. | Broca's area |
| This connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum | corpus callosum |
| This helps to regulate voluntary motor control activities by modifying instructions, especially the starting and stopping of movement sent to skeletal muscles by the primary motor cortex. People who have problems with this area are often unable to walk normally or carry out voluntary movements in their usual way. This area plays a role in Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. | basal nuclei |
| This sits on top of the brain stem and includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. | diencephalon |
| This is a relay station for sensory impulses. It gives us a recognition of whether the impulse will be plesant or unpleasant and transfers the impulse to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation. | thalamus |
| This helps to regulate body temperature, controls water balance, and regulates metabolism. | hypothalamus |
| The _______ system of the hypothalamus is responsible for thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and pleasure. | limbic or emotion |
| What is contained in the epithalamus | the choroid plexus |
| What does the choroid plexus do? | forms cerebrospinal fluid |
| What are the three parts of the brain stem? | the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| What purpose does the brain stem serve? | It controls many behaviors necessary for survival such as control of breathing and blood pressure. |
| This part of the midbrain has ascending and descending impulses. | creebral peduncles |
| This part of the midbrain has four rounded protrusions that are reflex centers for vision and hearing. | corpora quadrigemina |
| This is the bulging center of the brain stem that controls breathing. | pons |
| This is the lowest part of the brain stem which merges into the spinal cord | medulla oblongata |
| This plays a role in the awake/sleep cycles and consciousness and damage to this area can result in permanent unconsciousness. | coma |
| This region of the brain provides involuntary coordination of body movements. It plays less of a role when sedated by alcohol. | cerebellum |
| If the cerebellum is damaged, movements become very clumsy and disorganized, which is called _________. | ataxia |
| What are the three layers of the meninges? | dura mater, arachoid layer, and the pia mater |
| What are the two layers of the dura mater? | periosteum, which attaches to the surface of the skull and meningeal layer, outer covering of the brain and continues as the dura mater of the spinal cord |
| This separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum. | tentorium cerebella |
| This is the internal layer of the meninges. | pia mater |
| The subarachnid space is filled with ___________ fluid. | cerebrospinal |
| inflammation of the meninges. | meningitis |
| This condition is caused when cerebrospinal fluid accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain if it is not allowed to drain. | hydrocephalus |
| why is there a brain-blood barrier? | because the brain can't withstand the minimal fluctuations that can occur in the body. |
| What forms the brain-blood barrier. | It is created by the least permeable capillaries in the body. These capillaries are jointed by tight junctions. |
| What substances are able to get across the brain-blood barrier? | fats and fat-soluble molecules, respiratory gases, alcohol, nicotine, and anestesia |
| What is the difference between a concussion and a contusion? | A concussion is a slight brain injury where there is no permanent damage. In a contusion, the cerebral cortex is injured. In severe brain contusions the person will go into a coma. |
| This is bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel. | intracranial hemmorrhage |
| this is swelling of the brain caused by an inflammatory response. | cerebral edema |
| This is the name for a stroke. | cerebrovascular accident |
| Cerebrovasular accident is the ______ leading cause of death in the United States. | 3rd |
| This is an incomplete stroke that may last from 5 minutes to 50 minutes and are characterized by numbness, temporary paralysis and impaired speech. | transient ischemic attack |
| What is suspected to cause Alzheimer's Disease? | abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons. Itis also associated with a shortage of ACh and may appear to run in families. |
| Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are usually associated with a dysfunction in what part of the brain? | basal nuclei |
| How many pairs of nerves arise from the spinal cord? | 31 |
| this is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end | cauda equine |
| The diffusion of potassium ions out of a neuron causes it to experience ____________. | repolarization |
| The blood brain barrier excludes what types of potentially harmful substances? | urea, toxins, proteins, and most drugs |
| The grey matter in the spinal cord looks like a butterfly or the letter ___ | H |
| What is contained in the dorsal horns? | interneurons |
| What happens if the dorsal root or its ganglion is damaged? | sensation from that body area will be lost |
| What is contained in the ventral horns? | the cell bodies of motor neurons of somatic and autonomic system. |
| What happens if the spinal cord is transected or cut? | affected muscles stay healthy because they are stimulated by spinal reflex arcs, movement occurs, but it is involuntary, there is a loss of feeling. |
| When all four limbs are affected by a spinal injury, the person is said to be a _______________ | quadriplegic |
| If only the legs are paralyzed, it is called __________. | paraplegic |
| If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed, what would a person lose? | both reflex activity and sensation related to that pathway |
| What is controlled by the medulla oblongata? | heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting. |
| This system is made up of nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system. | periphereal nervous system |
| this is a bundle of neuron fibers | nerve |
| This surrounds each nerve fiber. | endoneurium |
| groups of nerve fibers are bound into fasicles by ________. | perineurium |
| fasicles of nerve fibers are bound together by _______. | epineurium |
| These type of nerves carry both sensory and motor neurons. | mixed nerves |
| These types of nerves carry impulses toward the central nervous system. | sensory or afferent nerves |
| These types of nerves carry impulses away from the central nervous system. | motor or efferent nerves |
| How many pairs of crainial nerves are there? | 12 |
| What is the only pair of nerves that extend into the thoracic and abdominal cavities? | vagus nerve |
| Most cranial nerves are mixed nerves, but three of them are sensory only. Which ones? | Optic, olfactory, and vestibulocochlear |
| Sensory nerve for smell | olfactory |
| senory nerve for vision | optic |
| nerve for motor fibers to eye muscles | oculomotor nerve |
| motor fiber to eye muscle | trochlear |
| sensory nerve for the face, motor fibers to chewing muscles. | trigeminal nerve |
| motor fibers to eye muscles | abducens nerve |
| sensory for tast, motor fibers to the face | facial nerve |
| sensory for balance and hearing | vesibulocochlear nerve |
| sensory for taste, motor fibers to pharynx | glossopharyngeal nerve |
| sensory and motor fibers for pharyns, larynx, and viscera | vagus nerves |
| motor fibers to neck and upper back | accessory nerve |
| motor fibers to the tongue | hypoglossal |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 |
| spinal nerves that serve the skin and muscles of the posterior trunk | dorsal rami |
| Which part of the nervous system regulates the activities of the cardiac and smooth muscles and glands? | involuntary nervous system |
| What are the two subdivisions of the involuntary nervous system? | the sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| How are nerves different in the somatic and autonomic system? | In somatic, there one motor neruon which is inside the CNS in the autonomic, there are two motor neurons, the preganglionic and the postganglionic nerves |
| How are the effector organs different in the automatic and the somatic nervous system? | In the somatic it is skeletal muscle, in the automatic it is smooth and cardiac muscle and glands |
| How are neurotransmitters different in the somatic and autosomatic nervous system? | somatic always uses acetylcholine and autonomic uses epinephrine, or norephinephrine |
| Which division of the nervous system is known as the E division? | the sympathetic nervous system |
| Which nervous system is known as the D nervous system? | the parasympathetic nervous system |
| Why is the sympathetic nervous system called the E division? What does the E stand for? | exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment |
| What does the D stand for in the parasympathetic nervous system? | digestion, defecation, and diuresis (urination) |
| What is orthostatic hypotension? | a type of low blood pressure caused by a decrease in efficiency in the sympathetic nervous system. It causes a person to get dizzy when they stand up quickly |
| This produces a recording of brain activity. | Electorencephalography |
| What are the four types of brain waves? | Alpha waves- awake but relaxed; beta waves- alert awake state; theta waves- common in children but not normal adults; delta waves- occur during deep sleep. |
| How does sleep and coma's affect brain waves? | waves become slower |
| How does fright epileptic seizures, and drug overdoses affect brain waves? | they become faster |
| This is the largest single cause of of physical disabilities in children. | cerebral palsy |
| This is a disease which causes the cerebrum to fail to develop. | anencephaly |
| This is when the vertebrae do not close and the spinal cord is exposed. | spina bifida |
