| A | B |
|---|
| 4 cm long | female urethra |
| 24 cm long | male urethra |
| tympanic sound | empty bladder |
| dull sound | full bladder |
| shows size, position of kidneys, ureters, bladder | KUB |
| identifies kidney shape, size, location and collection systems and other tissues | renal ultrasonography |
| provides details of the arterial blood supply in the kidney | angiography |
| visual examination of the inside of the bladder using an instrument | cystoscopy |
| radiological exam using contrast to study the function of kidneys, ureters, and bladder | intravenous pyelogram |
| urine output ranging from 100 to 500 mL/day | oliguria |
| urine output less than 100 mL/day | anuria |
| painful or difficult voiding | dysuria |
| strong desire to void | urgency |
| frequent voiding more than every 3 hours | frequency |
| enuresis | involuntary voiding during sleep |
| hematuria | red blood cells in the urine |
| pus in the urine | pyuria |
| puffiness around the eyes | periorbital edema |
| generalized edema | anasarca |
| accumulation of nitrogen waste products | azotemia |
| urinary retention and incontinence | voiding dysfunctions |
| happens because pelvic muscle tone is decreased | stress incontinence |
| experiences of urge to void but cannot control voiding time | urge incontinence |
| involuntary loss of urine due to overdistended bladder | overflow incontinence |
| bladder has uninhibited contractions | reflex incontinence |
| exercises that help increase muscle tone and voluntary control | Kegel exercises |
| help with comfort after urethral dilatation | Sitz bath |
