| A | B |
|---|
| decomposers | organisms that break down dead matter and return the nutrients to the ecosystem |
| sapling stage | from the closing of the stand to the death of the lower limbs and crowns well above the ground |
| seedling stage | frem seed to 5-15 years |
| mature timber stage | from time of complete height growth to begining of decline in quality and volume |
| dominant | crowns of larger trees, forming upper layer of the canopy, recievin light from above and the sides, also known as emergent |
| co-dominant | medium sized crowns that form the general crown cover or canopy and recieve sunlight from above |
| Intermediate | small-crowned, shorter trees with crowns that just reach into the general canopy and recieve little direct sunlight, aka undestory |
| overtopped | small trees with crowns below the canopy recieving no direct sunlight, aka oppressed or suppressed when not growing or dying |
| isolated | trees growing out in the open with little or no competition |
| vertical stratification | trees of different sizes, different species and different layers; also called veritical layering |
