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| Doctors order specimen collections for what reasons? | To prevent, detect, and treat diseases. |
| When collecting specimens, the health care provider must always use___ precautions. | universal precautions |
| Before collecting a specimen it is important to check the ___ band against the lab requisition, to assure you have the right ___, and to confirm you obtaining the right ___, and the right ___. | Check the id band against the lab requisition, to assure you have the right patient, and to confirm you obtaining the right ___, and the right ___. |
| All specimen collection containers are labeled with the correct ___ information, and placed in ___ bag. | Correct patient information, and placed in a plastic bag. |
| When using a collection container it is important the person collecting the specimen not ___ the inside of the container as this may falsify results. | touch |
| Does a random urine specimen need to be collected in a clean or sterile container? How much urine is needed? | Clean container. At least 120ml (4oz). |
| When collecting a mid stream, clean catch, or clean voided specimen, commonly used for a urine culture and sensitivity, how is the perineal area cleaned prior to the collection? For what reason? Is urine collected in a clean or sterile container? How is urine collected? | The perineal area is cleaned with towelettes. This prevents false positives by reducing the number of microbes in the urethral area. Urine is collected in a clean container. Ask the patient to start voiding in the receptacle. After voiding has started, pass the collection container into the stream, collect 30-60ml of urine, remove the collection container before the person stops urinating. |
| For a 24 hour urine collection, all urine is collected for ___ hours, and kept in a ___ colored collection container, and kept ___ over ice. | collected for 24 hours, and kept in a dark colored collection container, and kept chilled over ice |
| Your patient's 24 hour urine collection is to start at 0800 hours. At 0800 hours he voids in the urinal. What is done with this specimen? | The specimen is discarded and the time noted. |
| What is done if you spill a specimen of a 24 hour collection or accidentally discard a specimen? | The test starts over. |
| Explain the procedure for a fresh fractional or double voided specimen. | Have the patient void in a receptacle, and pour a small amount into a specimen container. Perform testing on specimen. Have the person drink an 8 oz. Glass of water. In 20-30 minutes return and collect a second specimen from the patient. Perform testing on second specimen. |
| Testing with a regent strip occurs to test for pH, glucose, and blood. It is important not to ___ the strip with your fingers and ___ the strip fully into the urine so all sections are saturated. The sections will change ___, and then compare the strip sections with the color chart on the bottle. | It is important not to touch the strip with your fingers and submerge the strip fully into the urine so all sections are saturated. The sections will change color and then compare the strip sections |
| Not following the manufacturer ___ when using regent strips may result in ___ results and potentially ___ the patient. | Not following the manufacturer instructions when using regent strips may result in wrong results and potentially harm the patient. |
| Stones vary in size and can occur in the kidney, ureter, or bladder. Some are passed through the urine. All urine is ___ using gauze or strainer. If stones or crystals appear, the ___ is placed in a collection container and sent to the ___ for analysis. | All urine is strained using gauze or strainer. If stones or crystals appear, the gauze or stainer is placed in a collection container and sent to the lab for analysis. |
| Stool specimens are collected for blood, fat, microbes, worms, and other abnormal contents. Many tests require a ___ specimen where specimens must be taken to the lab at once, or within ___ hour. | Many tests require a warm specimen where specimens must be taken to the lab at once, or within 1 hour. |
| Collect stool from ___ different places in the bowel movement. | 2 different places |
| Testing stools for occult (hidden) blood, a thin smear of stool is applied to the first window. Use a ___ area of stool to apply a smear to the second window. Follow manufacturer ___ for developer application and time requirements for processing. | Use a different area of stool to apply a smear to the second window. Follow manufacturer instructions for developer application |
| When collecting a sputum specimen, note the time and the ___ (clear, white yellow, green) and if there is an ___ (none, foul), and ____ (thick, watery), and/or the presence of ___ or hemoptysis. | the color and if there is an odor, and consistency, and/or the presence of blood |
| Sputum specimens are coughed up from the ___ and ___, and expectorated through the ___. To obtain a sputum specimen ask the person to take 2-3 deep ___ and cough up the sputum. | coughed up from the bronchi and trachea, and expectorated through the mouth. 2-3 deep breaths |
| Identify 3-5 identifications used when labeling the container of a specimen. | Name, DOB, medical record number, ordering doctor, room and bed number |
| Heat and cold applications promote healing and comfort, and reduce swelling. Heat applications ___ blood vessels, improving circulation to a body area. | Heat applications dialate blood vessels |
| High temperatures can cause ___. Fair skinned, fragile skin, and older persons are at ___ risk of burn injuries. | High temperatures can cause burns. Fair skinned, fragile skin, and older persons are at greater risk of burn injuries |
| Identify the difference between hot compress, hot soaks, sitz bath, and hot packs | Answer below |
| hot compress | A soft pad applied over a body area |
| hot soak | A body part is put in water |
| sitz bath | The perineal and rectal are immersed in warm water |
| hot pack | A treatment that involves wrapping a body part with a wet or dry application |
| What temperature setting is used for an aquathermia pad? | 105ºF |
| Cold applications ___ blood flow. They are used to decrease swelling and pain. | Cold applications decrease blood flow. |
| A cold compress is an example of a moist cold application. Give examples of dry cold applications. What could you use in the home environment? | Glove, ice collar, ice bag. Frozen peas or corn can be used at home. |
| ___ dry heat and cold applications before applying them. | Cover dry heat and cold applications before applying them. |
| Heat and cold applications are checked every ___ minutes, and applied no longer than ___ to ___ minutes. | Heat and cold applications are checked every 5 minutes, and applied no longer than 15 to 20 minutes. |
| Identify the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. | Type 1: Abrupt onset before age 30, 5-10% of diabetics, causes patient to be very thin, symptoms are fatigue, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, glycosuria, requires insulin, |
| Identify and define the 3 P's of Diabetes | Answer below |
| Polyuria | Excessive excretion of urine |
| Polydipsia | Excessive thirst |
| Polyphagia | Excessive ingestion of food |
| Identify 5-7 other signs and symptoms of Diabetes. | Easy fatigue, skin infection, slow healing, itching, itching of the vulvae, burning on urination, obesity, glycosuria (sugar in the urine) |
| Your patient's blood sugar is elevated. Identify 5-7 common symptoms of elevated sugar levels. | Extreme thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, hunger, blurred vision, drowsiness, nausea |
| What symptoms would you find with hypoglycemia, lower blood sugar? | Shaking, fast heartbeat, sweating, anxious, dizziness, hunger, impaired vision, weakness, fatigue, headache, irritable |
| When are symptoms of hyper or hypo glycemia reported to the nurse? | Immediately |
| You are caring for your patient in the home and your patient is symptomatic. You are unsure if they are experiencing hyper or hypo glycemia, what actions do you take? | Test the patient’s blood sugar levels |
| Identify 3-5 complications of uncontrolled diabetes. | Type 1: Heart attack, stroke, blindness, renal disease, amputations Type 2: coronary artery disease |
| Proper care of the skin and feet is essential with diabetes. Foot care is provided how often? How is foot care provided? How is nail care provided? Are all CNA's allowed to give nail care? | Daily; wash toes, inspect feet for breaks and signs of irritation, file toe nails, shoes and socks kept clean and worn always; nails cannot be CNA’s but other care is allowed |
| Your patient Mr. Smith has Type 1 Diabetes. He is on an ADA diet, he is immobile and confined to a wheelchair due to a stroke and left-sided weakness, he has ulceration on his left heel, and his doctor has ordered warm foot soaks BID, and 24 hour urine specimen has been ordered to determine his kidney function. | Clinical application |
| How will you care for his feet when providing his AM personal care? | Do warm foot soak, dry and ensure area between toes is dry, inspect for breaks, provide socks or socks and shoes |
| How often are feet inspections performed on diabetic patients? | Daily |
| What nursing measures can you implement to relieve pressure on his left heel? | Use a pillow or heel protector |
| His 24 hour urine starts at 1200 hours. What is done with the first void? | Discard it |
| You have placed his foot in a bath basin full of warm water. What temperature is the water? How often will you assess the foot during the soak? How long will the soak last? | 93-98 degrees; assess every 5 minutes; 15-20 minutes |
| Is it ok to place the 24 hour urine specimen on the bedside table to keep it at room temperature? | No |
| His family has brought in homemade chocolate cake. What will you do? | Have the family talk to the nurse before giving the patient the cake. |
