| A | B |
|---|
| winter sleep | a period of inactivity |
| migration | movement of animals, usually periodic round trips, from breeding to nonbreeding areas or to and from feeding grounds |
| plantigrade | (walkers) walk with their entire foot touching the ground, and generally have powerful, short limbs |
| digitigrade | walk on their toes and "ball" of the foot, with the heel raised, lengthening their limbs and their stride, and providing power and speed |
| plantigrade animals | bear, raccoons, shrews |
| digitigrade animals | predatory carnivores: foxes, wolves, and bobcat |
| unguligrade | walk with only the tips of their toes on the ground; these animals depend on speed to escape |
| unguligrade animals | deer, antelopes, elk |
| fossorial | refers to animals that live underground |
| fossarial animals (example) | gopher, frog, mole salamander, mole cricket, spadefoot toad, worm snake, chipmunk, groundhog... |
| rabies | a viral disease of the central nervous system transmitted by the bite or saliva of an infected mammal |
| animal which cannot contract rabies | opossum |
| market hunting | the taking of wildlife game to feed the populations of the growing cities in the 1800's and early 1900's |
| physical adaptation | an adaptation in the animal's structure |
| behavioral adaptation | an adaptation that deals with the animal's behaviors that increase chances of survival |
| 70% of the earth's landmass: | is in the Northern Hemisphere |
| nocturnal | active at night |
| diurnal | active during daylight |
| crepuscular | active at dawn and dusk, "twilight" |
| circadian rhythms | processes that cycle approximately every 24 hours |
| tidal or lunar cycle | the cycle of high tides and low tides influenced by the moon's gravitational pull; two high tides and two low tides in a 24 hour period |
| circadian rhythms are affected by: | light |
| scat | solid waste of animals |
| rubs or scrapes | marks left on trees or scars on saplings when animals break/bend/bruise the bark (deer) |
| tooth marks or gnaw patterns | left on trees (rodent species: beaver, porcupine, mice, squirrels, some rabbits, and some moose) |
| claw marks or scars | bears climbing or scratching; bobcats and raccoons |
| scratching marks | marks left on the ground (wild turkey; bobcat) |
| nut opening patterns | squirrel/mice |
| burrows, dens, nests, lodges, and earth cores | beaver, muskrat, voles, badger, groundhog, tortoise, crayfish, mole crickets and squirrels |
| smells (scents or odors) | can indicate the presence or passing of skunk, weasel, or mink |
| wallows | made by deer, elk, and wild boar |
| hair | found on rubs, in wallows, or on branches can help determine animal, as well as feathers |
| sounds, vocalizations, and calls | species specific; thumping sounds made by skunks; pawing sounds by deer |
| pits or tree borings | sapsucker; pileated woodpecker |
| prints and tail drags | use to indicate reptile or amphibian species |
